Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/280

 B U F

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B U I

posM of Sij a Particle of Augmentation, us'd to denote an enormous Greatnefs 5 and Mvmui©-, Centaur. Jujiiniani adds two other Etymologies of this : the firft from bis., and taunts, or rather Centaurus, the name of one of Mneas's Veffels in Virgil : The other from Bucentaurus, for 'Dtt- centaurus, a Word forg'd to fignify a Veffel capable of of holding 200 Men.

BUCEPHALUS, Bullock's Head, from the Greek jS«, bos, and *£?**.», Head. It was the Cuftom among the Antients to imprefs fome Mark on their Horfes ; the moll: common were a 2, Sigma, a K, Kappa, and a Bullock's Head. Hence thofe mark'd with S'j, were call'd Sufipoe?./ 5 thofe with a K, Kvmm\i*i 5 and thofe with a Bull's Head, BcuxejaAo/, Bucephali. This Mark was ftamp'd on the Horfe's Buttocks, and his Harneffes 5 as appears from the Scholiaft on Ariftophanes's Clouds, Hefychius, &c.

BUCKLER, a piece of defenfive Armour, us'd by the Antients to fkreen their Bodies from the Blows of their Enemies. See the Buckler of Achilles defcrib'd in Homer, that of JKneas in Virgil, that of Hercules in Hejiod: Ajax's Buckler was lin'd with feven Bulls Hides. The Shield fucceeded the ufe of the Buckler : Yet the Spani- ards fiill retain the Siverd and Buckler in their Night- Walks. The Word comes from Bucularium 5 on account of the Buckles wherewith the Antients adorn 'd their Buck- lers. In the Days of corrupt Latin, we frequently find Buccnla Clypei, the Buckle of the Buckler. Thomaffin derives it from Bucca, Mouth or Throat ; becaufe it was ufual to have Heads, g?c. reprefented on Bucklers. See Shield.

Bucklers on Medals, are either us'd to fignify publick Vows render'd to the Gods for the Safety of a Prince ; or that he is efteem'd the Defender and Protedlor of his Peo- ple : Thcfe Were call'd Votive Bucklers, and were hung at Altars, iSc.

BUCOLICKS, Paftorals, a Term ufed for a kind of Poems relating to Shepherds, and Flocks. Bucolick Poetry is the mod ancient of all the Kinds of Poetry ; and is fup- pos'd to have had its Origin in Sicily, amidft the Mirth and Diverfions of the Shepherds ; and to have been infpir'd by Love and Idlenefs : By degrees, their Rural Gallan- tries were brought under Rules, and became an Art. The Concerns of the Flocks, the Beauties of Nature, and the Pleafure of a Country Life, were their principal Subjects. Mofcbus and Bion, were the moft agreeable among the an- tient Bucolick Poets. Fontenelle obferves, that 'theocri- tus's Stile is fometimes a little too Bucolick. Some Au- thors attribute the Invention of Bucolick Poetry to a Shep- herd call'd 'Daphnis ; and others to Bucolius, Son of Lao- raedon : But this appears all Fiction. The Word is deriv'd from the Greek £a?, and aohov, cibus, Meat ; hence (3vx.oAta, to feed Cattle ; and faa&, bubulus, Herdfman.

BUD, is a weaned Calf of the firft Year ; fo called, be- caufe the Horns are then in the Bud.

Sons, among Gardeners, the firll Tops of moll Sallad Plants, e?c. which are preferable to all other lefs tender Parts. See Cyon.

BUFF, in Commerce, a fort of Leather prepar'd from the Skin of the Bltffelo, a wild Beaft refembling an Ox, but longer and bigger ; having large thick Horns, fhort black Hair, and a very Ihiall Head ; common enough in the Levant, particularly about Smyrna, Constantinople, &c. where, as well as in Italy, they are frequently tam'd, and wrought, as wc do Oxen.

The Skin of this Animal being drefs'd in Oil, after the manner of Shammy, or Chamois, makes what we call Bujf-Skin 5 antiently much ufed among the Military Men, for a kind of Coats or Doublets ; and ftill retain'd by fome ot our Grenadiers, as well as the French Gend'armery, on account of its exceeding Thicknefs and Firmnefs. 'Tis al- fo ufed for Wade-Belts, Pouches, &c. This Skin makes a very considerable Article in the Ettglifb, French, and Dutch Commerce, at Confiantinople, Smyrna, and the Coafts of Africa.

The Skins of Elks, Oxen, and other like Animals, when drels'd in Oil, and prepar'd after the fame manner as that of the Buffelo, are likewife denominated Biff; and us'd for the fame Purpofes. In France, there are a good number of confiderable Manufaauries deftin'd for the '"Pre- paration of luch Skins ; particularly at Corbeil, Paris, and Rotten : Their firit Inftitution is owing to the Sieur Jabac, a Native of Cologne. The manner of Preparation fee un- der the Article Chamois.

BUFFET, or BUFET, 1 was antiently -a little Apart- ment, feparated from the reft of a Room, by (lender Wood- en Columns, for the difpofing China and Glafs Ware, &c. call'd a Cabinet : 'Tis now, properly, a large Table in a Dining Room, call'd alfo a Side-Board, for the Plate, Glaf- fes, Bottles, Bafons, &c. to be placed, as well for the Ser- vice of the Table as for Magnificence. The Buffer, a- mong the Italians, dM'd Crcdeuza, is enclos'd within a Bal- lulfrade, Elbow high.

BUFFOON, an Aflor in Farce, or a Mimick, who di- verts the Publick by his Pleafantries and Follies. This is reputed the Talent of the Italian Comedians. Some Au- thors make the Origin of Buffooliry very antient, deriving it from a Feaft inllituted in Attita, by K. EriShcus, on occafion of a Prieft, call'd Buphon : Who after having f a - crifie'd the firfl Bullock on the Altar of Jupiter 'Potion, or Guardian of the City, fled haflily away, without any appa- rent Reafon ; leaving the Ax and other Inftruments of Sa- crifice on the Ground, nor cou'd either be ilopp'd, or ever found afterwards. The Inftruments were hereupon deli- ver'd up to the Judges, and folemnly try'd ; the Ax found Guilty, and the reft acquitted. This Sacrifice was kept up in the fame manner the following Years : The Prieft fled as the firft ; and the Ax condemn'd. As the whole Ce- remony was perfectly Burlefque, the Words Buffoons and Buffoonries have been fince apply'd to all ridiculous Mum- meries and Farces : This Hiilory is related by Rhodogintls. Menage, after Salmajius, derives the Word from Buffo ; 1 Name given to thofe who appear'd on the Roman Thea- ter with their Cheeks blow'd up ; that receiving Blows thereon, they might make the greater Noife, and fet the People a laughing.

BUGGERY, Sir Edward Coke defines, Carnalis Co- pula contra Naturam, ES? hoc vel per confufionem Specie- rum ; viz. a Man or Woman with a brute Beaft : vel Sexuum, a Man with a Man, or a Woman with a Woman : each kind is Felony, without Benefit of Clergy. In antient Times, fuch Offenders were burnt by the Common Law. Buggery is generally excepted out of a General Pardon. The Practice is faid to have been introdue'd into England by the Lombards : It is fuppofed to take its Name from the antient Bulgarians.

BUILDING, D'aviler defines, any Place erefled by Art, whether for Convenience, for Religion, or Magnifi- cence. See House, Temple, Theater.

A Regular Building, is that whofc Plan is Square, its oppofite Sides equal, and the Parts difpos'd with Symmetry. An Irregular Building, is that, on the contrary, whofe Plan is not contain'd within equal or parallel Lines, either by the Nature of its Situation, or the Artifice of the Builder ; and whofe Parts have not any juft Relation to one another in the Elevation. An Infolated Building, is that which is not attach'd, join'd, or contiguous to any other ; or is encompafs'd with Streets, or any open Square, or the like ; as St. 'Paul's, the Monument, Sic. ^ A Building is faid to be engag'd, when it is encom- pafs'd with others, and has no Front towards any Street or publick Place, nor any Communication without, but by a back Paflage. An interr'd, or funk Building, is that whofe Area is below the Level of the adjacent Street, Court, or Garden, &c. and whofe loweft Courfes of Stone are hid.

Felibien confiders three Kinds of Buildings in Architec- ture; 1. Sacred Buildings; as the Temples of the Antients, and our Churches and Chappels. 2. Publick Buildings ; as Bafilicks, or Courts of Jultice, Tombs, Theaters, Am- phitheaters, Triumphal Arches, Gates, Bridges, Aque- ducts, e?c. 3. Palaces, and private Houfes: Each of which fee under their proper Heads, Basilic, Church, Amphi- theater, &c.

Building is alfo us'd for the conftructing or raifing of an Edifice ; in which Senfe it comprehends, as well the Ex- penfes, as the Invention and Execution of the Defign there- of. See Architecture.

In Building there are three Things in view, viz. Com- modity, Firmnefs, and Delight : to attain thei'e Ends, Sir Henry Wotton confiders the whole Subjefl under two Heads, viz. the Seat or Situation, and the Work. For the Situation, either that of the Whole is to be confider'd or that of its Parts.

For the firft, regard muft be had to the Quality Tem- perature, and Salubrity of the Air ; the Convenie'ncy of Water Fuel, Carriage, £i?c. and the Agreeablenefs of the Profpect. For the fecond, the chief Rooms, Studies, Li- braries, i£c. to lie towards the Eaft ; Offices that require Heat, as Kitchens, Diilillatories, Brew-houfes, &c. to the South : Thofe that require a cool frefh Air, as Cellars, Pantries, Granaries, gfc. to the North : As alfo Galleries for Painting, Mufeums, tfc. which require a fteady Light. He adds, that the antient Greeks and Romans, generally fituated the Front of their Houfes to the South : But the modern Italians vary from this Rule. Indeed, in this Mat- ter, regard muft ftill be had to the Country ; each being oblig'd to provide againft its refpeSive Inconveniences : So that a good Parlour in Egypt, might make a good Cel- lar in England. See Situation.

For the fecond Head, the Situation being fix'd on, the next thing to be confider'd is the Work : Under this come, firft the principal Parts, then the Acceflories, or Ornaments.

Under the Principals, are, firft, the Materials ; then the

Form or Difpofition. The Materials are either Stone, a«

5 Marble,