Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/278

 BRO

Amsterdam, caU'd Makclaers, are of two Kinds ; the one like the Englijh, call'd Sworn Brokers, becaufe of the Oath they take before the Bourgermefiers ; the others ne- gotiate without any CommitTion, and are call'd Walking 'Brokers. The firlt are in Number 395 5 whereof 375 are Clinicians, and 20 Jews : The others are near double that Number : So that in Amfierdam there are near 1000 Ex- change-Brokers. The difference between the two confilts in this 5 that rhe Books and Perfons of the former are be- liev'd and own'd in the Courts of Juftice 5 whereas, in Cafe of Difpute, the latter are difown'd, and their Bargains annulFd. The Fee of the fworn Exchange-Brokers of Amfierdam, is fix'd by two Regulations, of 1613, and 1623, with regard to Matters of Exchange, to 18 Sols for joo Livres, or 600 Florins $ i.e. 3 Sols for 100 Florins, payable, half by the Drawer, and half by the Perfon who pays the Money. But Cuirom has made confiderable Al- terations herein.

In the Ealt, all Affairs are tranfafted by Brokers., whom the 'Per/Fans call T)elal, i. e. Great Talkers, The manner of making their Markets is very Angular : After the Bro- kers have launch'd out into long, and ufually impertinent Difcourfes ; coming towards a Conclufion, they only talk with their Fingers. The Buyer and Seller's Broker, each take the other by the Right Hand, which they cover with their Coat, or a Handkerchief: The Finger Itretch'd out, fiands for fix ; bent, for five j the Tip of the Finger for one ; the whole Hand 100 ; and the Hand clench'd, 1000. They will cxprefs even Pounds, Shillings, and Pence by their Hands. During all this myllick Commerce, the two Brokers appear as cold and compos'd, as if there were no- thing patting between 'em.

The other kind of Brokers, ate Pawn-Brokers, w\io let out Money to neceffitous People upon 'Pawns : Thefe are more properly call'd Friperers. The Word comes from the Saxon Breacan, to break j whence 3rok.CS, a broken Dealer : None but broken Tradefmen and Freemen of the City, being formerly allow'd to be Brokers.

In the Cities of Italy, there are Companies eftablifrt'd by Authority, for the letting out Money on 'Pawns j call'd Mounts of "Piety : An honourable Title, little becoming fuch Institutions ; inafmuch as the Loan is not gratis. In fome Parts of Italy, they have likewife Mounts of Piety of another kind, wherein they only receive ready Money, and return it again with Interclt at fo much per Annum. At Boulogne they have feveral of thefe Mounts 5 which are diitinguim'd into Frank and 'Perpetual. The Intereft of the former is only tourer Cent, in the latter at ieven.

Stock Brokers, are they who buy and fell Shares in the Joinr-Stocks of a Company or Corporation, for any Perfon that mall defire them.

BRONCHIA, in Anatomy, the little Tubes into which the Bottom of the Trachea is branched, at its Entrance in- to the Lungs ; and which are diftributed thro every Part thereof ferving for the Conveyance of the Air in Refpira- tion. The Bronchia confifls of Cartilages like the Tra- chea ; only here the Cartilages arc perfectly circular, with- out any membranous hard Part : They are join'd together by the Membranes that invert 'em, and are capable of be- ing fhot out lengthwifc in Inlpiration 5 and of being drawn into each other in Expiration. The Word is Greek, where jt fignifies the fame thing. See Lungs.

BRONCHIAL, a particular Artery of the Lungs, call'd the Bronchial Artery. It arifes from the defcending Trunk of the Aorta, and diftributes it ; and embracing the Tra- chea, purfues the Courfe of the Bronchia, accompanying all their Branches thro their whole Progrefs. There is al- fo a Bronchial Vein, which accompanies the Artery, and divides into the fame Number of Branches with it : The Artery brings Blood to the Bronchia, for the Nutrition thereof, and of the Veficles of the Lungs 5 and the Vein carries it off again to the Cava, where it foon terminates. The Bronchial Artery is fome times fingle 5 but more fre- quently double 5 fometimes triple.

BRONCHIC-il/«/i;/f$ 5 fee Sternothyroids!. BROKCHOCELE, a Tumor, with a large round Neck, rifing on the Bronchial Part of the Trachea, very frequent in the Alps : The Latins call it Hernia Gutturis. The Word is form'd from the Greek fyiy%of t Bronchia, Wind- pipe ; and x"A»i, fwelHng.

'BRONCHOTOMY, or Laryhgotomy, in Chirurgery, the Operation of cutting into the Windpipe to prevent Suf- focation, &c. in a Squinancy. 'Tis thus perform'd ; the Bo- dy of the Patient being prepar'd, an Incifion is made be- tween the Annuli, or Rings of the Afpera Arteria, an Inch below the Bottom of the Larynx ; the Skin and Integuments divided, and the Mufcles rcmov'd - y a Silver Tube is apply'd, and the Caufc of the Difeafe rerriov'd ; and the Wound lical'd ; noari filing Clyftcrs being apply'd in the mean time, if Deglutition be impracticable. See Laryngotomy. The Word comes from the Greek /Spoj^©-, Windpipe $ and TffU'tf, feco.

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BROOMING, or "Breaming of a Ship ; is burning off the Filth the has contracted on her Sides, with Straw Reeds, fi?c. when /he is on a Careen, or on the Ground ■ fo that it is a kind of Graving.

BROTHER, a Term of Relation between two Male Children, fprung from the fame Father or Mother. The Antients apply'd the Term Brother indifferently to almoft all who ftood related in Collateral Lines, as Uncles and Nephews, Coufins German, i£c. This we learn, not only from a great many Paffages in the Old Teftament, but

And as to Coufins German, Julius Uoftilius, in Dionyjius Halicarnaffeus, calls the Horatii and Curatii Brothers; becaufe they were Sifter's Children. Among us, 'tis cuf- tomary for Kings to give the Title Brother to each other : The Unction in Coronation being efteem'd to fettle a kind of Brotherhood. Nor is the Cuftom modern ; Mcnander mentions a Letter of Cofroes, King of Perjia, to the Em- peror jfufiiuian, beginning thus ; Cofroes King of Kings, &c. to the Emperor Juftinian My Brother. Kings now alfo give the fame Appellation to the Electors of the Empire : And the like was given by the King of France to the pre- fent King of Sardinia, while only Duke of Savoy. ^ TheLatinyfordhFratcr; which ScaligeranAVoffius de- rive from fey.?''!, for fcst-™P i which properly fignifies a Perfon who draws Water in the fame Well : ?fs«f, in Greek, Signi- fying Well ; and t^nda., a Company of People, who have a Right to dtaw Water out of the fame Well. The Word came originally from the City Argos, where thete were on- ly a few Wells diftributed in certain Quarters of the City ; to which thofe of the fame Neighbourhood alone repair'd. In the Civil Law, Brothers, Fratres, in the plural, com- prehends Sifters ; as, Lucius & T'ltia, Fratres, L38. dc Fa- mil. I'rcs Fratres, T"itius,M£vius, i$ Seia, L.3 ;. de Pactis.

Brother, is particularly us'd between Monks of the fame Convent ; as, Brother Zachary, Brother Bonaven- ttire, ike. In Englijh we more ufually fay Friar Zachary, &c. from the French Frere, Brother. This Appellation they borrow from the Primitive Christians, who all call'd each other Brothers : But 'tis principally us'd for fuch of the Religious as are not Priefls ; for thofe in Orders are ge- nerally honour'd with the Title of Fathers, Patres, 'Peres ; whereas the reft are only fimply Brothers. The Monks of St. Dominic, are particularly call'd preaching Brothers; or, Friars Predicants : Thofe of St. Francis, Minor Friars; thofe of Charity, Ignorant Friars, &c. See Franciscans, Dominicans, i£c. In the Military Orders, the Knights are alfo call'd Brothers : In the Older of Malta, there is a particular Clafs, call'd Serving Brothers ; confifting of fuch as cannot give Proofs of their Nobility. In Latin they are call'd, Fratres Clicntes. See Malta.

Brothers by Adoption, fee Adoption. Fratres Con- fanguinei, are two Brothers, who have only the fame Fa- ther : And Fratres Uterini, thofe who are only defcended from the fame Mother.

Brothers of the Rofy-Crofs ; fee Rosicrocian.

BROWNISTS, a Religious Sect, which fprung out of the Church of England, towards the Clofe of the XVIth Century ; Their Leader, Robert Brown, originally of Nor- thampton. The Occafion of their Separation was not any Fault they found with the Faith, but with the Difcipline and Form of Government of the Eftablifh'd Church. They equally charg'd Corruption on the Epifcopal Form ; and on that of the Presbyterians, by Confiftories, Claffes, and Synods : Nor would they join with any other Church ; be- caufe they were not affur'd of the Converfion and Piety of the Members that compos'd 'em ; on account of the To- leration of Sinners, with whom they maintain'd it an Im- piety to communicate. They condemn'd the folemn Cele- brations of Marriages in the Church ; maintaining, that Matrimony being a Political Contraft, the Confirmation thereof mull come from the Civil Magiftrate. They would not allow any Children to be baptiz'd of fuch as were not Members of the Church, or of fuch as did not take fufficient Care of thofe baptiz'd before. They rejected all Forms of Prayers ; and held that the Lord's Prayer was not to be recited as a Prayer ; being only given for a Rule or Model, whereon all our Prayers are to be form'd. See Separatist.

BRUMALIA, a Fcaft of Bacchus, celebrated among the antient Romans for the fpace of 30 Days ; commen- cing on the 24th of November, and ending the 26th of December. The Brumaiia were inftituted by Romulus ; who ufed, during this Time, to entertain the Senate. The Word comes from Brtlma, Winter ; in regard of therTime when the Feaft was held : Others will have it from Bru- mus, or Bromius, Names of Bacchus.

BRYONY, the Root of a Plant of the fame kind with the Meckoaca : It was formerly in great Reputation as a Purgative; but has now loft the greateft part thereof; yet