Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/276

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B R I

Spain, Germany, &c. but what has fomething particular in the Form and Manner of its Breviary : The Differences are generally inconsiderable.

The Breviary of the Greeks, which they call afohoym t Horologium, Dial, is the fame, to a Trifle, in almoft all the Churches and Monafterics that follow the Greek Rites. The Greeks divide the Pfalter into 20 Parts, mg&'iiruAi* ; which are a kind of Refls, Paufes, or Stations : and each Paufe is again fubdivided into three Parts. In the general, the Greek Breviary confiits of two Parts ; the onecontain- ing the Office for the Evening, call'd utfoyviniov ; the other that for the Morning, confifting of Matines, Lauds, firit, third, iixth, ninth Vefpers, and Completa.

The Breviary of the Maronites, has fome more confide- rable Differences. Among the People who fpeak the Scla- vonic Language, or any of its Dialefts, the Breviary is rehears'd in the vulgar Tongue • as among the Maronites in Syriac, among the Armenians in Armenian. Thofe who rehcarfe the Breviary in the Sclavonic, are divided as to the Rite : fome following the Roman or Latin Rite, as the Inhabitants of e JOalmatia, and the neighbouring Coafts : Thofe who live farther within the Continent, as in Hungary, Bofnia, Sclavonia, &c. and in 'Poland, Li- thuania, and Miij'covy, follow the Greek Rite. The Bre- viaries of the Copbtee and Abyfjznians, are much alike.

Menage derives the Word Breviary from this j that the antient Monks, in their Journeys, &c. had little Books, wherein were collected the Pfalms, Leffons, £fc. read in the Choir out of large Volumes : And F. Mali lion tells us, he has feen two fuch Books in the Archives of the Ber- nardines ; they were not above three Fingers broad : he ebferves, their Letter was exceedingly fmall, and confifted mottly in Abbreviations 5 expreffing a whole Period in a few Syllables : Whence they had a good Title to the Ap- pellation of Breviaries, q. d. Abridgments.

BRE VIATOR, an Officer under the Eaftern Empire; whofe Office was to write and tranferibe Briefs. Calvin obferves, that at Rome thofe are ftill call'd Breviators, who dictate and write the Pope's Briefs.

BREVIS Cubiti, is a Mufcle that rifes from the fuperior and pofterior Part of thu Humerus ; which joining its flefhy Fibres with the Brachimis Extemus and Longus, and becoming Tendinous, covers the Elbow, and is insert- ed into the Olecranium, to extend the Arm.

Brevis Palmaris, lies under the Aponeurojts of the Palmaris, and arifes from the Bone of the Metacarpus, that fuftains the little Finger ; and from that Bone, and that of the Carpus which lies above the reft, it goes tranf- verfly, and is inferted into the eighth Bone of the Carpus. It helps in making the Palm of the Hmd concave.

Brevis Radii, comes from the External and Upper- part of the Vina ; and pairing round the Radius, is infert- ed into its upper and fore-part, below the Tendon of the Biceps. This, with the Longus Radii, are call'd the Supi- nator es -. their Office being to turn the raim upwar.ls.

BREWING, the Preparation of Ale, or Beer from Malt. The Procefs is as follows : A Quantity of Water being boil'd, is left to cool, till the height of the Steam be over ; when, fo much is pour'd to a Quantity of Malt in the Mafhing-Tub, as makes it of a Confidence ftiff enough to be jutt well row'd up : After (landing thus £ of an Hour, a fecond Quantity of the Water is added, and row'd up as before. Laf'tly, the full Quantity of Water is added ; and that in proportion as the Liquor is intended to be ftrong or weak : This part of the Operation is call'd Mafloivg. The whole ftands two or three Hours, more or lefs, according to the Strength of the Wort, or the Diffe- rence of Weather, and is then drawn off into a Receiver ; and the Mafhing repeated for a fecond Wort, in the fame manner as for the firft ; only the Water to be cooler than beforehand to ttand only half the Time. The two Worts then mix'd, the intended Quantity of Hops are added, and the Liquor dole cover'd up, gently boil'd in a Copper the fpace of an Hour or two ; then let into the Receiver, and the Hops Arain'd from it into the Coolers. When cool, the Barm or Yett is apply'd ; and it is left to work, or ferment, till it be fit to tun up.

For Small Beer there is a third Mafhing, with the Wa- ter near cold, and not left to ftand above ' of an Hour, to be hopp'd and boil'd at Difcretion. For Double Beer or Ale, the two Liquors refulting from the two firft Mail- ings, muit be us'd as Liquor for a third Ma/hing of frefii Malt for Fine Ale. The Liquor thus brew'd, is further

prepa

'd with MolofTes.

For Yett, fome ufe Caftle Soap, others Flour and Eggs, others an eflcntial Oil of Barley ; others a Quinteffence of Malt, others of Wine, and others the Sal Panarifius.

For the Preparation of the Matter, and the Properties of the Liquors thus kfew'd, .fee Malt and Malt-Li- ojjor j fee alfo Beer and Ale. For the brewing of Malt Spirits, fee Distillation.

BRIBERY, in Law, a great Mifprifton, when any Per-

fon in Judicial Place, takes any Fee, Pcnfion, Gift, R.e- wardj or Brocage for doing hiy Office, but of the Kinp only.

BRICK, a fat reddifh Earth, form'd into long Squares 4 Inches in Breadth, and 8 or 9 in Length, by means of a wooden Mould ; and then bak'd or burnt in a Kiln, to ferve for the Ufes of Building.

Bricks appear to be of a very antient Handing ; the Tow- er of Babel being built thereof, as appears both from Sa- cred Hiftory, and from the Remains thereof ftill in being. Under the firtt Kings of Rome, they built with maffivfi fquar'd Stones, which they learnt from the T'ujcans : To- wards the latter Time of the Republick, they began to ufe Brick ; borrowing the Practice from the Greeks : And the greateft, as well as the molt durable Buildings of the fucceeding Emperors, as the •Pantheon, Sic. were built therewith. In the Time of Gallian, the Buildings were compos'd of an Order of Brick and an Order of Tofus, a foft gritty Stone, alternately. After him, they kid afide the ufe of Bricks, and refumed Flints. In the Eaft they b-k'd their Bricks in the Sun : The Remans us'd 'em crude ; only leaving 'em to dry in the Air a long fpace of Time, viz. four or five Years. The Bricks us'd by the Greeks were principally of three Kinds ; the firfl: call'd JiAxcyv, i. e. ot two Palms : the fecond 7s7f«Aifoc, of four Palms ; and the third mvmJbupv, of five Palms. They had other Bricks, juft half each of thele, which they join'd to- gether to render their Works more folid, as well as more agreeable to the Eye, by the diverlity of Figures and Si- zes of the Bricks.

The Bricks among us are various ; acquiring various Names, according to their various Forms, Dimenfi- onp, Ufes, Method of making, Place, &c. The princi- pal are, 1. Compafs Bricks, of a circular Form, us'd in iteyning of Walls. 2. Concave, cr hollow Bricks, on one fide- flat, like a common Bnck, on the other hollow'd : They are us'd to convey Water. 5. C'gging Bricks, are us'd to make the indented Work, under the Coping of "Walls built with great Bricks. 4. Coping Bricks, which are form'd on purpofe for coping of Walls. 5. 'Dutch, or Flemijb Bncks, us'd to pave Yards and Stables, and for Soapboilers' Fatts, and Citterns. 6. Clinkers, are fuch Bricks as are glazed by the heat of the Fire in making. 7. Fea- ther-edg'd Bricks, are like the common Statute Bricks, only thinner on one Edge than on the other, and are us'd to pen up the Brick Pannels in Timber Buildings. 8. Samel or Sandal Bricks, are fuch as lie outmoft in Kiln or Clamp, and confequently are foft and ufelefs ; a not being thoroughly burnt. 9. Great Bricks, are 12 In- ches long, 6 broad, and 3 thick : The Weight of one is a- bout 15 Pounds; fo that 100 will weigh 1500, and 1 000 of them rjooo Pounds Weight : Their ufe is to build Fence- Walls; together with, 10. Pilafler, or Buttrefs Bricks, which are of the fame Dimensions with them, only they have a Notch at one End, of half the Breadth of the Brick : Their ufe is to bind the Work at the Pi latter of Fence- Walls, which are built of Great Bricks, ir. Pa- ving Bricks, or "Tiles, are of feveral Sizes in feveral Countys and Places. r2. Place Bncks, are fuch as are made in a Place prepared on purpofe for them, near the Build- ing they are to be ufed in. 13. Statute, at fmall Common Bricks -j thefe ought to be 9 Inches long, 4,1 broad, and %\ thick ; 100 of thefe ufually weigh about 550 Pounds, and 1000, 5 500 Pounds; and about 407 in number, area Tonn Weight : Thefe are commonly us'd in paving Cellars, Hearths, Sinks, &c. 30 or 32, if true meafure, will pave a Yard Square, and 330 will pave a Square of 100 Foot, laid flat ; but if laid Edg-ways, there mutt be double the Number.

Barbaro, in his Comment on Vitruvius, recommend. another Ftirm of Bricks, viz. Triangular ones, every Side a Foot long ; and fome an Inch and half thick : Thefe, he obferves, wou'd have many Conveniences above the reft ; as being more commodious in the Management, of lefs Expence, and of fairer Shew • adding much Beauty and Strength to the Mural Angles, where they fall gracefully into an indented Work. And Sir H. Wotton wonders they have never been taken into ufe; being recommended by fo great an Authority.

The Earth whereof Bricks are made, mutt not be fan- dy, which will make 'em both heavy and brittle ; nor muft it be too fat, which will make 'em crack in drying. They mould be made either in the Spring or Autumnal Seafon : when made, they mutt be ihclter'd from the Sun if it bs too hot, and yet be expos'd to the Air to dry. If they be made in frofty Weather, they are to be cover'd with Sand ; if in hot Weather, with wet Straw. When they are well dried, they are burnt.

Bricks are burnt, either in a Kiln or Clamp : Thofe i the firft, being fet in it, and the Kiln cover'd with Pieces of Bricks, they put in Wood, to dry them with a gentle Fire j and this they continue till they are pretty dry, which