Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/275

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Copper; but that is not always to be procur'd in Quantities have only to fill up the Interfti

futficienr, being no more than a Collection of Pieces of old Drake, after Malpighi, thinks I

Brafs. Pure profs is not malleable unlets hot; when cold pofition of the Milk ; which fe

it breaks : After melting twice, 'tis no lonoer in a ConHi- and Oil arttiillv n n l-*A c„ Q **,

tices of the' Glands : but flft ,. pontion ot the Milk $ which feems nothing elfe but Water breaks : After melting twice, 'tis no longer in a Condi- and Oil artfully united. See MitK. In Virgins the Tubes tion to bear the Hammer at all : to work it, they put 7 which compofe the Glands of the Breafls, like a Sphinc- foundi Lead to 100 or Brafs 5 which renders it more ter-Mufde, contract fo clofely, that no part of the Blood ■■■ -c and pliable. Brajs is us d in the calling of Guns : The can enter them : But when the Womb grows big with a
 * they contribute to the Com-

befi^ Proportion for Gun-Metal, 'tis laid, is for nor 12 thoufand Weight of Metal, to ufe ten thoufand Pound of Copper, nine hundred Pounds of Tin, and fix hundred Pound of Brafs. See Copper.

The belt Brafs Guns are made of malleable Metal, not

add coarfer Metal,--, to make it run clofe and founder, fuch as Lead and Pot-Metal. Bell-Metal is a Compofition of Brafs and Tin : and Pot-Meral of Brafs and Lead j 20 Pound of Lead, is ulually put into 100 Pound of Pot-Metal. The Manufacture of Brafs, was kept a Secret in Germa- ny for many Ages.

Brass of Corinth, has been famous in ail Antiquity : Z. Mummim having fack'd and burnt that City, \\S Years before cur Saviour's Time, 'tis laid this precious Metal was form'd from the immenfe Quantities of Gold, Silver and Copper wherewith Corinth abounded, thus melted and run together by the Violence of the Conflagration. The Sta- tues, VcfTels, g?c. form'd of this Metal were ineftimable, Thofe who fpeak of it accurately, dittinguifh it into three Kinds ; in the firft, Gold is the prevailing Metal, in the fecond Silver; in the third, Gold, Silver, and Copper, are equally blended.

BRAZING, the Solderingor joining of two Pieces of Iron by means of thin Plates oi Brafs, melted between the two Pieces to be join'd. If the Work be veryfine,as when the two Leaves of broken Saws are to be join'd, it is cover'd with beaten Bcrax, moilten'd with Water that it may incorpo- rate with the Brafs-dufi which is here added; and the Piece is expos'd to the Fire without touching the Coals, till the jBrafi be obferv'd to run. Laitly, to braze with a {till greater degree of Delicacy ; they ufe a Solder made of Brafs t with a tenth Part of Tin ; or another, one third 1iro.fi, and two thirds Silver ; or Borax and Rofin : Ob- serving, in all thele manners of brazing, that the Pieces be join'd dole throughout^ the Solder only holding in thofe Places that touch. See Soldering.

The Method of brazing among Farriers, &c. is by beating the two Pieces, when hot,, over one another.

BREACH, in Fortification, is the Ruins made in any Part ot the Works of a Town, &c. either by play- ing Cannon, or Springing Mines ; in order to itorm the Place, or take it by affault. They fay, Make good the Breach, Fortify the Breach, Make a Lodgment on the Breach, Clear the Breach, Sic.

BREAK-BULK, is to begin to take the Ship's Lading or Cargo out of the Hold.

Break-Grount, in Fortification, fignifies to begin Works for carrying on a Siege of a Town or Fort, ££c.

BREAST, Mamma, in Anatomy, a prominent fiefhy Parr of the human Body, on the Outfide of the Thorax ; whofeufe is to feparate the Milk. The Brea/ls ate much more perfect, more confpicuous, and ot more ufe in Women than in Men : Their Magnitude is various ; always biggelt in Times of Geltation and Lactation. Their Figure re- prefents a large Section or a Globe, having in the middle a Prominence terminating in a blunt Point, call'd the'Papilla, or Nipple ; in the Extremity of which are Perforations, to which teach Lacteal Tubes : About the Nipple is a pale browmfh Circle, call'd the Areola.

The internal Subltancc of the Breasts, is compos'd of a great Number of Glands, of various Sizes, and an 0v.1l Figure, intermix'd with Globules and Veffcls of Fat. Their excretory Ducts, as they approach the Nipple, join and unite together, till at laft they form feven, eight, or more fmall Pipes, called Tubnli LaBifcri, which have feveral crofs Canals, by which they communicate with one another, to obviate the Inconveniences that might accrue from the cafual Obitruction ot one or more of 'cm. Thele Tubes are not every where of equal Capa- city, but in fome Places more, in others lefs dilated ; io as to form Cells, which leem contrived to hinder the fpontaneous Efflux, and to create a NecefTity of Suck- ing to fetch out the Contents. The Breafls have Ar- teries and Veins from the Subclavian and Inrercoftal ; and Nerves from the Vertebral Pairs, and from the fixth Pair of the Brain : Of the Concurrence of thefe2#£&/i or Pipes, is the Subltance of the 'Papilla in great meafure form'd ; among which is intcrfpers'd a glandulous Subltance, ferving to keep 'em from preffir.g too clofe on each other ; and with it ate intermix'd abundance of Fibres drawn from the external Teguments of the Papilla ; by means whereof, the Lacteal Tubes arc conltring'd, and the Motion of the

Fcems, and comprelTes the defcending Trunk of the great Artery ; the Blood flows in a greater Quantity, and with a greater Force thro the Arteries of the Breafls, and for- ces a Pallage into their Glands ; which being at firft nar- - row, admits only of a thin Water : but growing wider by or pure Copper and Calamine alone ; but it is necefTary to degrees, as the Womb grows bigger, the Glands receive a

thicker Serum ; and after Birth they run with a thick Milk ; becaufe that Blood which before ftow'd to the Fxtus, and for three or four Days afterwards by the l/terus, be- ginning then to flop, does more dilate the Mammillary Glands. In Men, the Breafls are very fmall, and chiefly for Ornament; tho Phyfical Hiftories give Inftanccs of thole who have had Milk in them

BREATHING. See Respiration.

BREEZE, a fhifting Wind, blowing from the Sea and Land alternately for fome certain Hours of thcDay or Kighr * only fenfible near the Coaft. The Sea-Breeze, Dampier ob- ferves, commonly rifes in the Morning about nine, proceed- ing ilowly in a fine fmall black Curl on the Water towards the Shore : It increafes gradually till 12, and dies about five. Upon its ceafing the Land-Breeze commences, which increafes till 12 ; and is fucceeded in the Morning by the Sea-Breeze again. See Wind.

BREGMA, the fame asParietalia Offa ; fee Cranium.

BREST, in Architecture, a Term us'd by fome, for that Member of a Column, otherwifc called the Thorns or Tore. See Torus.

Brest-Summers, in Timber-Building ; are Pieces in the outward Parts of the Building, and in the middle Floors, (not in Garrets or Ground-Floors) into which the Girders are fram'd. In the inner Parts of a Building, the Pieces into which the Girders are fram'd, are call'd Summers,

BREVE, in Grammar, Syllables are dittinguilh'd into Longs and Breves, according as they are pronoune'd quicker or more flow : The Time of a Breve is half that of a Long ; or, as the Grammarians exprefs it, a Breve is one Time, and a Long two. See Accent.

Breve, in Mufick, is a Note or Character of Time, form'd like a Square, without any Tail; and equivalent to two Mcaftires, or Minims. See Characters of Mufick.

Breve Vas. Sec Vas Breve.

BREVIARY, an Office performed daily in the Roman Church, and which the Ecclefiafticks are to repeat at home, when they can't attend in Publick. The Breviary of Rome is general, and may be us'd in every Place : but on the Model of this have been built various others, peculiarly appropriated toeachDiocefe, and each Order of Religious.

The Breviary is compos'd of Matines, Lauds, prime, third, fixth, ninth Vefpers, and the Completa or Pofl Com- munio ; that is, of feven different Hours : on account of that faying of David, Septies in Die laudem dixi t'tbi. The Obligation of reciting the Breviary every Day, which was at firft univerfal, by degrees was redue'd to the Cler- gy and Beneficiaries alone, who are bound to do it on Pain of mortal Sin, and of refunding their Revenues, in proportion as they are delinquent herein. In the XlVth Century, there was a particular Referve to Bifhops, to pals on occafion, three Days without rehearfing the Breviary.

The Inttitution of the Breviary not being very antient, the Lives of the Saints were inferted in it, agreeable to the Opinions of the Times; i. e. full of ridiculous ill-attef- ted Facts j which gave a handle to fcveral Reformations thereof by feveral of their Councils, particularly thofe of Trent and Cologne ; feveral Popes, as Pius V. Clement VIII. and Urban VIII. as alfo by feveral of their Cardi- nals and Bifiiops, each of whom lopp'd off fome of the Extravagancies, and brought it nearer the Simplicity of the Primitive Offices ; as owning that in the antient Church there was nothing read but from the Scriptures. Cardinal fhiignon carry'd the Reformation the fartheft j leaving out the Office of the Virgin, the Verfes, Refponfes, and a great part of the Lives of the Saints.

The Breviaries that now obtain, are almoft infinite : Their difference confiirs principally in Form and Difpofiti- on, and the Number and Order of Pfalms, Hymns, Pater- noflers, Ave Maries, Credo's, Magnificats, Cantemus's, Benedictus's, Canticamus's, Nunc Dimittis's, ^Mifereres, Allelujah's, Gloria Patri's, &c.

The molt Eminent, befides the Roman Breviaries, are, that of the BenediBines, that of the Bernardines, of the Chartreux, of the Pramonflr antes, of the Dominicans, the Carmelites, the Francifcans, and Jefuits ; that oiCluni, of the Church of Lyons, the Church of Milan, and the Mozara- Milk modify'd. Befides thefc Veflels, are abundance of lie Breviary, us'd in Spa in. But in effect, there is fcarce fatty Globules, called -DuBus Adepofi, which fome would a Church in the Communion of Rome, in France, Flanders*

K. k Spain.*