Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/252

 B I L

rupt, parch'd Bile, which, if it arofe from a greeni/ti, or palilh Bile, is Hill worfe. Too groat an Evacuation of the Bile, either upwards or downwards, robs the Chilefaction of its main Instrument ; hence it prevents Digeftion, Se- cretion, Excretion of the Farces, produces an acid Tempe- rature, Cold, Weakncfs, Palenefs, Swoonings, &c. If when prepared it be prevented its Difchargc into the Interlines, it produces a Jaundice.

For the Manner in which the Secretion of the Bile in the Liver is effected, there are various Opinions. Some maintain, that the Pores of the Secretory Glandules of the Liver, have a certain Configuration and Magnitude, to which the Particles of the Bile floating in the Blood being juft anfwerable, both in Bulk and Figure, are admitted in, and all the reil excluded. Others, with Silvias sni LiJUr, not allowing any pifference in the Configuration, as know- ing that the Pores of all the Veffels are Circular, and that Particles of all Kinds will be admitted, if fmall enough, have rccourle to a Ferment which they fuppofe to refide in the Liver, by means whereof the Particles of the Blood, in their Paffage thro the Secretory DuBs, affume the Form of Bile. But as this is little elfe than begging the QuefHon, others have recourfe to another Hypothefis ; maintaining, that the Fluids contain'd in the Elood of the Vena 'Porta, while that enters the Subflancc of the Liver in its way to the Extremities of the Vena Cava, indiffe- rently apply to the Apertures of the Secretory Tubules con- tiguous to the extreme Branches of the Porta, which are wide enough, and to the Roots of the Cava, which are not wide enough, to receive 'em ; by which means being Se- parated from the Society and the inteftine Motion of the other and the effential Parts of the Blood, and being no longer agitated by the Vital Aflion of the Blood- Veffels, and expofed to the Action of the Bilarf Veffels, they conftitute a new Humour diftinct from the Blood, call'd Bile, See.

Laftly, Dr. Keitl accounts for this Secretion of the Bile from the ftrong Attraction between the Particles whereof the Bile is compofed. He obferves, that the Heart and Liver being fo near each other ; were the Cscliack Artery to have carried all the Blood to the Liver, confidering the Velocity of the Blood, fo vifcid a Secretion as the Bile cou'd never have been effected. Nature therefore forms a Vein for the purpofe, viz. the Porta, and by it fends the Blood from the Branches of the Mefenterick and Cce- liack Arteries to the Liver; by which the Blood is brought a great way about, paffing thro the Inteftines, Stomach, Spleen, and Pancreas, e'er it arrives at the Li- ver : Thus its Velocity is exceedingly diminifh'd, and the Particles that are to form the Gall have a fufficient time to attract one another, and unite before they come to their fecerning Veffels. But, as if this Diminution of Velocity were not fufficient for the purpofe, Nature has gone further; having made the Cavities of all the Arteries in- creafe as they divide: thus the Sum of the Branches ari- sing from the Aorta, is to the Aorta itfelf as 102740 to 100000. And yet, as if that Proportion were too little for the ptefent Purpofe, Nature has here taken a further Step, and incrcas'd the Branches fpringing from the Mefenterick Artery in a greater Ratio. Thus, in a Body which he ex- amined, he found the Sum of the Branches more than dou- ble that of the Trunk; and therefore the Velocity of the Blood in the former, mill be lefs than half that of the lat- ter. He further ihews, from a jult Calculation, that the Time the Blood now takes in its Paffage from the Aorta to the Liver is at leait z6 Minutes : whereas, had an Ar- tery gone directly from the Aorta to the Livet, it would have paffed in little more than half a Second, visa, in 1457 times the Space it now takes up in its Paffage. Whence it appears, that the Blood was not in a State fit to yield Bile, had it gone directly from the Aorta to the Liver; and that a longer Time, and more languid Motion, was ncceffary to have the Bilious Parricles in a readinefs to be feparated. He adds, that were the Humours feparated by the Glands at all Times and Pla:cs the fame in the Blood, and not form'd after this manner, Nature wou'd not have been at fo much expence to retard rhe Blood's Velocity : Befides that, the Bile has another Advantage from the Ufe of the 'Porta; for, by running thro fo many Parrs e'er it reach the Liver, it leaves behind it moil of its Lympha; by which means the Particles being brought nearer each other, are, by their mutual Attraction, fooncr united. For the Parts concern'd in the Secretion of the Bile, fee Liver, Hila- ry Pore, Gall-Bladder, i$c. See alfo Secretion.

The Word Bile comes from rhe Latin Bills, which fome fetch further-jrom the Greek Bin, Violence, becaufe Bili- ous People are inclined to Anger. Others fetch it from the Latin bullire, to boil. The Bile is a Part found in all Animals : even Pigeons, £$c. which have no Gall-Blad- der, yet have Bile ; their Liver being found very bitter. M. Tauvry obferves, that the Bile becomes one of the prin- cipal Cauies of Thirft, by mixing with the Salival Juice.

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BILINGTJIS, in Law, the Name of the Jury which paffes in any Cafe betwixt an Englifbman and an Alien ■ whereof one Moiety to be Natives, the other Foreigners if required. The Word in the Latin fignifics double- tongucd.

BILL, an Edge-Tool, fitted to a Handle, ufed to lop Trees, (£c. When fhort, it is call'd an Hand-Bill ; when long, an Hcdging-Bill.

Bill is alfo a -Declaration in Writing; expreffing ths Wrong and Grievance the Complainant hath furfcr'd by the Party complain'd of; or elfe fome Fault committed by him againit fome Law or Statute of the Realm. This Bill is commonly addrefs'd to the Lord Chancellor ; cfpecially for unconfcionable Wrongs done fometimes to others havino Jurifdiction, according as the Law they are grounded on" directs. It contains the Facts complain'd of, the Damages fultain'd, and the Petition of Procefs againft the Defendant for Redrefs.

Bank-Bills : Inflruments whereby private Perfons be- come entitled to a Parr in the Bank-Stock. They am form'd on rhe Model of the Lombard-Bills.

Bill of Entry, an Account of Goods enter'd at th« Cufiom-Houfe, both Inward and Outward ; wherein is ex- prefs'd, the Merchant importing or exporting, the Quantity of Goods, and the Sorts, and from whence imported, or to what Place exported.

Bill of Exchange, a Writing ordering the Payment of a Sum of Money in one Place, to any Pcrfon affign'd by the Remitter, in confideration of the like Value paid the Draw- er in another Place. The whole Eftate and Effefls of Mer- chants ufually confift in Bills of Exchange. There is fome Difpute about the Nature and Sanction of a Bill of Ex- change : Some take it to be the Contract of an Exchange ; but the more genetal Opinion is, that it is a mere Contract of Buying and Selling ; that the Money given the Perfon who gives the Bill, is the Price of Sale ; and that paid at the appointed Place, the Thing bought and fold.

Bills of Exchange were unknown in the antient Roman Juriffrudcnce. According to the common Opinion, they arc the Invention of the Je'XS ; who being banilh'd France, for fome enormous Crimes charg'd on 'cm, retired \moLom- bardy, about the 12th Century, and found means to with- draw their Effects, which they had lodg'd in the Hands of Friends, by fecret Letters and Bills, conceiv'd in fhort, pre- cife Terms, like the modern Bills of Exchange; and this by the Aflifiance of Merchants and Travellers. The Fac- tion of the Gibellins, being expell'd Italy by the Guelfhs, rented to Amflerdam, and ufed the fame Means, for the Recovery of their Effects in Italy, as the Jews had done : Hence the Dutch Merchants took the Hint of negotiating Bills of Exchange ; and foon fpread the Practice throughout all Europe. The fame Gibellins are faid to be the Inventors of the Rcchange, on account of Damages and Interefts, vi'txnBills of Exchange, which they call'd Polizsa diCam- bio, wete not paid, but return'd on Proteft.

That which gives the Effence, and Form to a Bill of Exchange, is the Ceffion, or Vendition of a Sum of Money

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for Value recav'd, i. e. for a like Sum given by the Perfon for whofe Sake the Bill is drawn, to the Drawer, in Mo- ney, Merchandize, or other Effects. So that thete are three things neceffary to eftablilh the Quality of a Bill of Ex- change ; ift, That it be drawn by" one City to another - idly, That there be three Perfons concern'd, the Drawer' the Perfon for whom 'tis drawn, and he on whom 'tis drawn - ■;dly, That it make mention, that the Value which the Drawer has receiv'd, is in another Bill of Exchange, in Money, Merchandize, or other Effects, which are to be ex- prefs'd ; othetwife 'tis no Bill of Exchange. When a Bill of Exchange is conceiv'd for Value in myfelf, 'tis not fup- pofed the Drawer has receiv'd the Sum ; but the Perfon, for whom 'tis drawn, ftands Debtor to him for it: When a Bill of Exchange bears, for nhich Sum I fromife to fur- mjh Bills of Exchange to fuch a Place, the Petfon for whom the Bill is drawn, may compel him to give the Bills, or to tcturn the Money.

Bill of Lading, an Inflrument fign'd by the Matter of a Ship, acknowledging the Receipt of the Merchant's Goods, and obliging himfelf to deliver them, at the Placa to which they are confign'd, in good condition ; of which ■Bills there are ufually three: the firfl the Merchant keeps; the fecond is lent to the Factor to whom the Goods are con- fign d ; and the third is kept by the Mailer of the Ship.

Bill, in Law, a Security for Money under the Hand and Seal ot the Debtor, without any Condition, or Forfeiture in cafe of Non-Performance ; in which it is diftinauilh'd from a Bond or Obligation.

Bill of Parcels, an Account of the patticular Sorts and Prices of the Goods bought, given by the Seller to ths Buyer.

Sill,