Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/251

 B I L

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B I L

ft ruck with a Thunderbolt, was call'd Bidental. This was not allow'd to be walk'd over ; but was encompafs'd with, a Wall, orPallifade, and an Altar creeled over it; whence alio the Priefts, who officiated at it ro perform the prefcri- bed Expiation, took the Name Bidentales.

RIGA, a Chariot drawn by two Horfes. The Sigtff and gktadrigtff were the Chariots that run in the Lilt. The Btgd? are of a very antient Handing : all the Heroes in Ho- mer, Hcjiod, Virgil, &c. fought in 'em. Hence Bigots, or Bcgats, a kind of Coin whereon was rcprefented Victo- ry drawn in a Chariot by two Horfes. Many of the an- tient Medals call'd Coufular, are Bigots. The Word comes from the Latin Bijuga, of bis and jugwn, double Yoke.

BIGAMY, a double Marriage, or the pofleffing of two Wives at the fame time. Among the antient Romans, thofe conviftcd of Bigamy were branded with a Note cf Ignominy ; and in France, were antiently punifh'd with Death.

Bigamy, in the Canon Law, is where a Perlbn has ef- pous'd two Women fucceffively, or fimply, efpous'd a Wi- dow: Each of which the Ca?wuijls account Impediments to be a Clerk, or to hold a Bi/hoprick without a Difpenfa- tion. This Point of Difcipline they found on that of St. 'Paul, A Bijbop mitfl be the Husband of one Wife. Biga- my they make of two Kinds ; Real, as where the Party actually marries twice; And Interpretative, where he mar- ries a Widow, or a Woman debauch'd before, which is ef- teem'd a kind of double Marriage. Here F. (Doucin dif- tinguifh.es and obferves, that Irengus having been married twice, mutt in this Senfe have been guilty of 'Bigamy, and therefore made Bimop of Tyre contrary to the Canons. He therefore thinks with St. Jerom, &c. that thofe only who married two Wives after Baptifm, came under the Incapa- city of Bigamy .- But St. Ambrofe, Augujlin, &c. are ex- prefs, that 'tis Bigamy, whether the firft Wife were mar- ried or contracted before, or after Baptifm. By a Statute of Edward I- thofe guilty of Bigamy were excluded the Benefit of the Clergy ; but this is fince repeal'd. The Romanijls make a third kind of Bigamy by Interpretation ; as, when a Perfon in holy Orders, or that has taken on him fome Monaftick Order, marries : This the Bifliop can dif- penfe withal, at leaft on fome Occalions. There is alfo a kind of fpiritual Bigamy ; as, when a Perfon holds two in- compatible Benefices, v. g. two Bifhopricks, two Vicara- ges, two Canonries, figta fub eodem ^teao.

BIGNESS. See Magnitude.

BIGOT, a Perfon foolifhly obftinate, or perverfely wed- ded to an Opinion. The Word comes from the German Bey and Gott, or the Englijlo by God. Camden relates, that the Normans were firft call'd Bigots, on occafion of their Duke Rollo, who receiving Giffa, Daughter of King Charles, in Marriage, and with her the Inveftiture of the Dukedom, refus'd to kits the King's Foot in token of Sub- jection, unlefs he would hold it out for that purpofc : And being urged to it by thofe prefent, anfwer'd nattily, No by God ; whereupon the King turning about, call'd him Bigot ; which Name pafs'd from him to his People.

BILARIUS PORUS, or Hepatick (DuQ, a confidera- ble Appendage of the Liver, form'd after the manner of a Vein, from the Concurrence of infinite fmall Ramifica- tions fpringing from the Glands of the Liver, which unite into feveral Trunks, equal in Magnitude to the Branches of the Hepatick Arteries, which accompany 'em Branch for Branch thro the whole Subftance of the Liver, and are wrapp'd up in the fame Capfida with the 'Porta. Thefc Branches are about the Size of a Wheat-Straw, the biggeft large enough to admit the little Finger; and are d'iiiin- guifhable from the Porta by their Contents, being always Full of Bile. Befides the Capftda common to this and the 'Porta, it has a thick white Coat proper to itfelf, like the Mufculous Coat of an Artery. On the concave Side of the Liver the feveral Ramifications meet, and form one Trunk, or Channel, properly call'd the Bilary Pore, about the Bignefs of a Goofe-Quill, which defending about two Inches, meets with the Cyjlick (DuB, and together with it forms what we call the Ductus communis ; which defen- ding in a right Line, about four Inches, difcharges itfelf Into the (Duodenum, by an oblique Infertion, oftentimes at the fame Aperture with the Pancreatick (DuB. The Pe- rns Bilarius communicates with the Gall-Bladder, by a "DuB firft defcribed by Dr. Glifon, and afterwards by M< Perrault, who gave it the Name of the Cyjl-Hcpatick 2)uB. Verheyen, in Oxen, found two, three, or four of thefe Cyjl-Hepatick (Dufts ; and the like has been obferv'd in a Dog and a Man. See Cyst-Hepatick Duct.

BILDGE of a Ship, is the Bottom of her Floor : Bildgc- Water therefore is that, which by reafon of the Flatnefs of the Ship's Bottom, lies on her Floor, and cannot go to the Well of the Pump; and confequently the (Dutch, whofc Ships are often of this Form, do much ufe a fort of Pumps call'd Bildge-Pum1>s ; or, as we call them, Burr-Pumps, to carry off the Bildge-Water. Alio when a Ship ttrikes

on a Rock, they fay, /lie is bildged. And B'dhige is the Breadth of her Floor when fhe lies a-ground.

BILE, a yellow, bitter Juice, feparated from the Blood in the Liver, collected in the Poms Bilarius, and Gall- Bladder, dnd thence difcharged by the Common 2)ncJ inrd the Duodenum. The Bile is of two Kinds, Hepatick and Cyjlick : The firft, properly call'd Bile, feparated imme- diately from the Glands of the Liver into the Poms Bi- larius : The fecond, call'd Gall, feparated likewife from the Glands of the Liver into the Gall-Bladder, by Roots or Dufts proper to itfelf. The Cyjlick Bile is thicker, a deeper yellow, and bitterer; is not evacuated continually, but only when its B eceptacle is replete ; in which Cafe the Contraction of the irritated Fibres propels it into the2)2«- denum. The. Hepatick is thinner, more mild and pellu- cid, and is continually oozing out; being expell'd by the fole Actions of the neighbouring Humours. The Cyjlick Bile, or Gall, refills Acids, and, mix'd with other Fluids, gives 'em the like Property : It abflerges like Sope, and renders Oils capable of mixing with Water ; it relblves and attenuates Rcfins, Gum?, and other tenacious-Bodies, ren- dering 'em homogeneal to itfelf. 'Tis neither alcalious nor acid, but iccms a Concretion of Oil, Salt, and Spirits di- luted with Water. By a Chymical Analyfis Dv.lirake ob- ferves it affords fome Sulphur, or Oil, fome volatile Salt, a good deal of fix'dSalr, (in which particularly it differs from, all other animal Liquors) and a pretty Quantity of Caput Mortuum, or Earth : the Balis is Phlegm. The Effect of the Bile is, by mixing with the Chyle and the Faeces, to attenuate, refolve, abitcrge, and Simulate the Fibrtf mo- trices, to mix together things very different, to bruife and blunt thofe that are fharp and faline, to divide thofe that are coagulated, to open the Paffages for the Chyle, to ex- cite Appetite, to a£t the Part of a Ferment, and to aflimi- late crude things to things concocted. Thefe Effects the Cyjlick Bile has in a greater, the Hepatick in a lefs Degree. Dr. §>uincy thinks their principal Ufe is to fheath and blunt the Acids of the Chyle, entangling them with its Sul- phurs, fo as to prevent their being fufficiently diluted in the Pancreatick Juice to enter the La&eals; Which he thinks confirmed by this, that notwithftanding the great Quantity of acid Salts in the Aliment in the Stomach, there are ne- ver any found in the Chyle after it has pafs'd the (Duode- num, and been impregnated with the Chyle continually oozing out from the Poms Bilarius.

Borelli afferts, that Part of the Bile difcharged into the Interlines, re-enters the Mefaraick Veins, and mixing with the Blood of the Vena Porta, is again percolated thro the Liver ; and Boerbaa-ve feems of the fame Opinion. Some will have the Cyjlick Bile brought to its Receptacle three different Ways, and that 'tis even compofed of three diffe- rent Kinds of Bile, whence its new Properties. Boerbaave takes thofe Properties to refult from its ftagnatiug in the Gall- Bladder ; and, with Malbigbi, thinks the bitter Pare may probably take that Property in the Glandules between the Coats of the Gall-Bladder, which are furni/Vd from the Cyjlick Arteries ; whence it proceeds bitter, and mixes With the reft in the Bladder.

The Bile is a Juice of very great Importance,- with re- gard to the good or ill Habitude of the Animal. T>T;Wcod~ nvard has traced its Effects throughout the Body Very mw nutely, and makes no Scruple to afcribe molt of the Dif- eafes thereof to fome Diforder of the Bile. This he takes to be the chief Spring in the Animal Machine, and frorri this accounts for moll of the Phcenomena of a Body, whe- ther healthy or difeas'd : And yet the Antients took it td be no more than an Excrement, for which they could not find any Ufe. Many of the Moderns, from the fmall Quan- tity of Bile fecern'd, have been led into a Miltake, that this Secretion is not the lole End of fo confiderable a Vifcus as the Liver. Dr. Keil obferves, that in a Dog whofe com- mon (Duel was near as big as that of a Man, he gather'd at the Rate of about two Drams an Hour ; tho in a hu- man Body, there is Reafon to think the Quantity fecreted to be greater.

Sometimes the Bile from yellow becomes greenifh, like Verdigreefe, and frequently pale, like the Yolks of Eggs, and that without any other apparentCaufe than a little Motion, a Convulfion, or a violent Paffion of the Mind. This occa- sions many and terrible Difeafes, as Kaufca's, an Abhor- rence of Food, Anxiety, Sighing, Cardialgia's, Wind, Di- arrhea's, Dyfenteries,, acute Difeafes, Fevers, and Convul- fions. Sometimes it becomes black, and takes the Name ofCholer : In this Cafe it fometimes taftes like a very fharp Vinegar; fometimes like putrified Blood, gnawing, burn- ing, diffblving, confuming, occasioning Inflammations, Gan- grenes, Mortifications, violent Pains, and terrible Fermen- tations. Of 'black 7i He, Boerbaave diitinguifhes three Kinds : Firft, the mildeft, arifing from the Matter of the Blood, put in too great Motion, which hence takes the Name of Adujl : The fecond is an Aggravation of the ftrft arifing from the fame Caufes, only heightcn'd : The third is a cot- D d rupt,