Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/242

 BAY

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B E A

made to appear as if they were, by means of thefe Pieces, W Battens, bradded on the plain Bqard round the Edges, and fometimes crofs 'em, and up and down: Hence Batten 2)oors are fuch as fcem to be Wainfcot ones, but are not. Thcfe are faid to be either fingle or double, as t\it Battens are fitted on to one Side, or tb both.

BATTERY, in Law, an Act that tends to the Breach of the Peace of the Realm, by violently ilriking or beat- ino a Man, who may therefore indict the other Party, or have his Aftion of Trefpafs, or Affault and Battery, agamft him, (for every Battery implies an Affaulr) and recover to much in Coils and Damages as the Jury will give. him. This Action will lie as well before as after the Indictment. But if the Plaintiff made the firft Affault, the Defendant fhali be quit, and the Plaintiff be amerced to the King for bis fatfe Suit. In forrie Cafes a Man may juftify the beating another in a moderate manner, as a Mailer his Servant, he-

Battery, in War, the Place where the Cannons are plant- ed to play upon the Enemy. They are ufually placed on a Platform, confiding of Planks, that fupporf the Wheels of Carriages, and hinder the Weight of the Cannon from finking them into the Ground. The Platform is raifed a little behind, to check the recoiling of the Pieces. The Battery of a Camp is ufually furrounded with a Trench and Pallifadoes at the Bottom, as alfo with a Parapet on the Top, having as many Holes as there are Pieces of Artille- ry, and with two Redoubts on the Wings, or certain Places of Arms capable of covering the Troops which are appoint- ed for their Defence. In all Batteries, the open Space left to put the Muzzles of the great Guns out, are called Embrazures ; and the Diitances between the Embrazures, Merlons. "Ae Guns arc generally about 12 Foot diftant one from another, that the Parapet may be flrong, and the Gunners have room to work. A Jmk or buried Bat- tery, is when its Platform is funk or let down into the Ground, with Trenches cut in the Earth againtt the Muz- zles of the Guns, to ferve for Embrazures. This fort of Battery, which the French call En L Terre and Rumante, is generally ufed upon the firft making Approaches, to beat down the Parapet of any Place.

Crofs Batteries are two Batteries at a considerable Dif- tance from each other, which play athwart one another at the fame time, and upon the fame Point, forming right Angles; where what one Bullet makes, the other beats down. A Battery d'Enfilade is one which fweeps the whole Length of a itrait Line, a Street, &c. A Battery en Ech&rp is that which plays obliquely. A Battery de Re-vers, or Murdering Battery, is one that bears upon the Back of any Place ; and being placed on an Eminence, fees into it. & Battery Joint, or far Camerade, is when feveral Guns play at the fame time upon one Place.

Battery en Rootage is that ufed to difmount the Enemy's Pieces.

BATTEURS d'ESTRADE, or Scouts, are Horfe fent out before, and on the Wings of an Army", two or three Miles, to make Difcoveriesj of which they give an Ac- count to the General.

BATTLEMENTS, Indentures or Notches on the top of a Wall, Parapet, or other Building, in form of Embra- zures, for the fake of looking thro 'em, £&}. Thefe were much affected in the old Fortification.

BATTOLOGY, in Grammar, is a multiplying Words without occafion, or a needlefs Repetition of the fame Words over and over in a Difcourfe ; like Battus, a ridicu- lous Poet mentioned by Ovid, who introduces him, faying,

Montibus (inquit) erant, & erant fub montibus illis.

BATTOON, a Term in Heraldry, figni- fying a fourth part of a Bcnd-Sinifter : It is the ufual Mark of Illegitimacy, and is al- ways borne couped or cut off after this manner.

Battoon alfo fignifies the Earl-MaHhal's Staff.

BATTUS, a certain Order of Penitents at Avignon, and in Trovencc, whofe Piety carries them to exercife fevere Difcipline upon themfclves, both in publick and private.

BAVINS, in War, Brum- Faggots made with the Brum at length.

BAY, in Geography, a little Gulph, or an Arm of the Sea, flretching up into the Land, and larger in the middle within, than at its Entrance, which is call'd the Mouth of the Bay. Bay, or 'Pen, likewife fignifies a Pond-Head made up a great Height, to keep in Store of Water for driving the Wheels of the Furnace, or Hammer, belong- ing to an Iron Mill, by the Stream that comes thence thro a Paffaee, or Flood-gate, call'd the Ten-flock. To bay is to bark as a Dog does. Among Huntfmen Deer are faid to bay, when, after being hard run, they turn head againil the Hounds.

BAYONET, a mort-pointed Sword made Lancet-falTu- on, and having, intiead of an Hilt, an hollow Iron Handle to fix it at the end of a Mufket, fo as not to hinder its Fi-

ring or Charging. Ail the Troops of the Infantry carry them in the Field : They are of great Service to the Dra- goons and Fuzileers, after they have Ipent their Powder and Ball. This Inftrument is alfo uled in huiiting the Bear or Bear 5 for which purpofc 'tis made larger.

BAYS, inCommerce,akind ofcoarfe Woollen Stuff, very open, and not crols'd, having a long Nap, fometimes frized on one Side, and fometimes not frized, according to the Ufes it is intended for. This Stuff is wrought on a Loom, with two Treddles, like Flannel. The Manufacture of Bays is very considerable in England, particularly at Coi- chefler ; and in Flanders, particularly about Lifle and < Tournay, ckc. Formerly the French, as well as Italians^ were furnifh'd with Bays from England ; but of late the French Workmen have undertaken to counterfeit 'em, and fet up Manufactures of their own, and that with Succefs; efpecially at Nifmes, Montpellier, &c. The Commerce of Bays is very considerable to Spain, Portugal, and Italy. Their chief Ufe is for Linings, efpecially in the Army: The Looking-Glafs-makcrs ufe 'em behind their Giafles, to preferve the Tin or Quickfilver 5 and the Cafe-makers, to line their Cafes.

BDELLIUM, or Bedellium, a kind of Gum. The Name is well known among the Learned ; but they can't agree what it is. 'Tis mention'd in Gene/is, c. 2. v. 12. and 'fth fephus explains the Paffage, by faying 'tis the Gum of a Tree refembling the Olive-Tree 5 and that the Manna wherewith the Jews were fed in the Dcfert, refemblcd this Drug : But Scaligcr and others fet afide this Expli- cation, and own, they don't know what the Bdellium men- tion'd in Scripture is.

The Bdellium in ufe among us, feems again to have been unknown to the Antients : Some fay it diftils from a kind of Thorn; others from a Tree refembling that which produces the Myrrh. Some fay it is produced on rheBanks of the River Senegal in Africa.-^ other, ne^r the City Sa~ raca in Arabia Felix. When good, 'tis in clear tranfpa- rent Pieces, of a reddifh Grey without ; when touch'd with the Tongue, yellow, bitter, foft, and odoriferous. It en- ters the Compofition of Mithridate, and the Emplaflrtim div'mum.

BEACON, a Signal for the better fecurino the King- dom from foreign Invasions: On certain eminent Places of the Nation are placed long Poles erect, whereon are faf ten'd Pitch-Barre s to be fir'd by Night, and Smoke made by Day, to give Notice in a few Hours to the whole King- dom of an approaching Invafion. Thcfe are commonly cali'd Beacons ; whence comes Beaconage, Money paid to- wards the Maintenance of a Beacon. The Word is'-tlcri- ved from the Saxon, Beacnian, to nod, or fignify: Hence alfo the Word beckon.

BEAD, in Architecture, a round Moulding in the Co- rinthian and Roman Orders, carved in fliort Emboffmcnts Wkc Beads in Necklaces. See Baguette. A Bead is ufually about I of a Circle, and only differs from a Boultinc in Big- nefs. When large, the Workmen call 'em Boult'wes • tno fometimes an Aftragal is thus carved. A Bead plain is alfo frequently fet on the Edge of each Fafcia of an Archirrave. A Bead is often placed on the Lining-Board of a Door- Cafe, and on the upper Edges of Skirting-Boards. Bead, among the Romanifls. See Cbaplct. BEAD-ROLL, among the Romijb Priefts, a Lift or Catalogue of fuch Perfons, for the Reft of whofe Souls they are oblig'd to rehearfe a certain Number of Prayers £fc. which was done by their Beads.

BEADLE fignifies a Meffenger or Apparitor of a Court, who cites Men to the Court to appear and anfwer. It is alio an Officer under all Pari Hies and Companies. 'Tis moreover an Officer at the Univerfities, whofe Place it is to walk before the Matters. Some fay they are call'd Bedelli from a Corruption oiTidelli, as ferving and running on foot! Others from Tedo^feuBaculo^uia Virga tttebanturt, form- ing 'Tcdellus from Tedum, a kind of Wand, which is their Symbol ; and from Tedellus, Bcdelhts. Others derive the Word from the Hebrew ^ii bcdal, ordinare, to range or difpofe. Spelman, Vojjiits, and Somner, derive ic from the Saxon, Bide/, a publick Crier 2 in which Senfe Biftiops, in fome antient Saxon Manufcripts, are call'd Beadles of God, "Dei Bedelli. The Tranflator of the Saxon New Tejlament, renders Exatlor by Bydele 1 and the "Word is ufed in the fame Scnfc in theXaws of Scotland.

BEAK, in Architecture, a little Fillet left on the Edge of a Larmier, which forms a Canal, and makes a kind of Pendant. Chin-Beak is alfo ufed for a Moulding, the fame with the Quarter-round, except that its Situation is invert- ed. "Wc find but few Examples hereof in the antient Buildings; but 'tis very frequent in the modern.

Beak, or Beak-head, of a Ship, is that Part of it which is falten'd to the Stern, and i; fupported by a Knee; and is the becoming Part v or Grace o, a Ship. See Stem.

BEAM, in Building, the iargeil Piece of Wood ii. a Building, being laid a-crofs the Walls, and ferving to fup-

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