Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/239

 B A S

tended to find many Myfteries in trie Name of God, by which they impofed upon the People. They alfo invented certain Amulets, to which they attributed great Virtues. \Vc learn from Eufebius, that this Impoflor wrote 24. Books upon the Gofpels, and that he forged feveral Prophets ; to two of which he gave the Names Sarcaba and Sarcoph : His Difciplcs fuppofed there were particular Virtues in Karnes, and thought with Pythagoras and 'Plato, that Karnes were not found by chance, but naturally figmfied fomething. Safilides, to imitate 'Pythagoras, made his Difciples keep filence for five Years.

BASIOGLOSSUM, or rather Bafigloffum, in Anato- my, is a Pair of Mufcles which arife flefhy from the Bafis of the Os Hyoides, and are inferted into the Root of the Tongue : They ierve to draw the Tongue towards the Bottom of the Mouth. The Word comes from the Greek gams, Foundation, and y*.aam t lingua, a Tongue.

BASIS, in Anatomy, is applied to the upper and broad- er part of the Heart, in opposition to the Macro, or Point ; becaufe, confidering it as a Cone, which it refembles in Shape, this Name is proper to it, altho by its Situation it is uppcrmofl. The Root of the Os Hyoides hath likewife this Name. See Heart.

BASON, in Anatomy, is a round Cavity in form of a Tunnel, fituate between the anterior Ventricles of the Brain, defcending from its Bafe, and ending in a Point at the Glanduta 'Pituitaria ; 'tis form'd of the 'Pia Mater, and receives the Serofity which comes from the Brain, and paffes thro the Pituitary Gland, and from thence into the Veins. That Capacity alfo is called Safin, which is formed by the Offa Ilia and Sacrum, and contains the Blad- der of Urine, the Matrix, and the Inteflines. See 'Pelvis.

Safins ofaS.alance, two Pieces of Brafs, or other Matter, fattened to the Extremities of the Strings ; the one to hold the Weight, the other the thing to be weigh'd. See 'Balance. Safin, or 'Dijb, among Glafs-Grinders. They ufe vari- ous kinds of Safins, of Copper, Iron, £5?c. and of various Forms, fome deeper, others fliallower, according to the Focus of the .Glaffes to be ground. In thefe Bafons it is, that Convex Glaffes are form'd, as Concave ones arc form'd . on Spheres or Bowls. Glaffes are work'd in Bafons two ways : In the firit the Bafin is fitted to the Arbor, or Tree, of a Lath, and the Glafs (fix'd with Cement to a Handle of Wood) prefented and held fail: in the Right Hand within the Safin, while the proper Motion is given by the Foot to the Safin ; In the other, the Safin is fix'd to a Stand, or Block, and the Glafs with its wooden Handle moved. The moveable Safins are very fmall, feldom ex- ceeding five or fix Inches in Diameter; the others are larger, fometimes above ten Foot Diameter. After the Glafs has been ground in the Safin, 'tis brought fmoother with Greafe and Emery ; and polifh'd firft with Tripoli, and finifh'd with Paper cemented to the Bottom of the Safin. See Glafs, Lens, Mirror.

Safion, among Hatters, a large round Shell, or Cafe, or- dinarily of Iron, placed over a Furnace; wherein the Mat- ter of the Hat is moulded into Form. The Hatters have alfo Bafons for the Brims of Hats, ufually of Lead, having an Aperture in the middle, of a Diameter furfident for the large!! Block to go through. See Hat.

Safin is alfo ufed on various Occafions for a Refer va- tory of Water; as, the Safin of a Jet d'Eau, or Foun- tain ; the Bafon of a Port, of a Bath, &c. which laft Vi- truvius calls Labrv.m. See Fountain.

BASS-VIOL, a Mufical Inflrument, of the fame Form with that of the Violin, except that 'tis much larger. 'Tis ftruck like that, with a Bow; but has Strings and eight Stops, divided into Half-Stops,or Semi-Tones. The Sound it yields is much more grave, fweet, and agreeable, than that of the Violin, and of much better e£fecl in a Confort. See Violin.

BASSON, or Saffron, a Mufical Inflrument of the Wind Kind, ferving for the Safe in Conforts of Mufick, Hautboys, &c. To make it more portable it divides into two Parts : Its Diameter at Bottom is nine Inches, and its Holes are ftopp'd with Keys, &c. like large Flutes.

BASSO RELIEVO, or Safs Relief, a Piece of Sculp- ture, the Figures wherebf do not proje£t far, or fland out from the Ground with their full Proportion. M. Felibtn diftinguifhes three Kinds of Safjo Relievo's ; in the firit the Front Figures appear almofl with their full Relievo, in the fecond they do but fland out one half, and in the third much lefs, as in Coins, Vafes, ££c. See Relievo.

BASTARD, a natural Child, or one born out of law- ful Wedlock : differing from one born in Adultery, or In- ceft, in that the Perions concern'd are free, or allow'd to marry. See Marriage, Adultery, Concubines, &c.

The Sajlards, or natural Sons of a King in France, are Princes when own'd ; thofe of a Prince, or Nobleman, are Gentlemen ; but thofe of a Gentleman are only Plebeians, and pay Taxes. Sajlards cannot fucceed before they are legitimated; nor have Succeflbr* except their own Chil-

(89)

B A S

dren begot in Wedlock ; otherwife their Succeffion be- longs to the King. By the Roman Law the Mother fuc- ceeded her Baflard-Child, &vicevcrfa: But there was a' great Difference between Sajlards and thofe they call'd Spurious. The Law did not own the latter, nor allow them Suflenance, becaufe they were born in common and uncertain Proflitution, Is non babet 'Patrem, cui fPater eft Wopuhis. The former fort, born in Concubinage, which refembles Marriage, fuccecded their Mothers, and had a Right to demand Suflenance of their natural Fa- thers. They were look'd upon as domeflick Creditors, that ought to be treated the more favourably, for being the in- nocent Product of their Parents Crimes. Scion would have it, that the Parents fhould be deprived of their paternal Authority over their Baft&rds, becaufe, as they were only- Parents for Pleafure, that ought to be their only Reward. Antiently in Rome, natural Children were quite excluded from fucceeding their Father ab intefbat. but they might be appointed Heirs in general. The Emperors Arcadim and Honor'ms made a ReflricTiion, that when there were legitimate Children, the Sajlards fhould only come in for a Twelfth, to be fharcd with their Mother. Juftinian afterwards ordered, that they might come in for Half 5 and fucceed ab intefiat. for a Sixth, when there were Le- gitimates. Sajlards might be legitimated by fubfequent Marriage, or by the Prince's Letters. Only the King in France can give a Right of Legitimacy, and a Power to fucceed. The Emperor Anaftafhts allow'd Fathers to le- gitimate their Sajlards by Adoption alone : But this was aboliflied by Juftin and Juftinian, left by this Indulgence they fhould authorize Concubinage. The Pope has fome- times legitimated Sajlards.- Nay, the Holy See has fometimes difpens'd not only with Illegitimates, but the Off- fpring of Adultery, as to Spiritual Confideraaons, in allow- ing of their Promotion to Epifcopacy. Sajlards not legiti- mated, may difpofe of their Goods by Donation among the Living, or by Will. Thofe legitimated by fubfequent Mar- riage, are in the fame State, and enjoy the fame Rights, with thofe born in Wedlock : But thofe who are legitima- ted by the King's Letters, are not efleemed legitimate, or capable of fucceeding, but with regard to fuch of their Parents as have confented to their Legitimation. Pope Clement VII, by his Bull, forbad a Prieft to refign his Be- nefice to his Saftard. A Saftard^ Arms fhould be croffed with a Bar, or Fillet, from the Left to the Right. They were not formerly allow'd to carry the Arms of their Fa- ther, and therefore they invented Arms for themfelves ; and this is fliil done by the natural Sons of a King. Sajlards cannot be admitted to fimple Benefices, or the loweft Or- ders, without a Difpenfation from the Bifhop ; or into Holy Order?, or a more than fimple Benefice, without one from the Pope : nor are they allow'd to bear Orfice without the Prince's Letters.

A Sajlard, by the Law of 'England, cannot inherit Land as Heir to his Father; nor can any Perfon inherit Land as Heir to him, but one that is Heir of his Body. If a Child be begotten by him, who doth marry the Woman after the Child's Birth, yet is it in Judgment of the Law a Saf- tard, tho the Church holds it legitimate. If a Man take a Wife who is great with Child by another, not her Hus- band, it is call'd the Child, and may be the Heir of the Husband, tho it were born but one Day after the Efpou- fals folemnia'd. If one marry a Woman and die before Night, and never bed her, and fhe have a Child after, it is accounted his Child, and legitimate. If a Man or Wo- man marry again, and have IG'ue by the fecond Wife or Husband, whilfl the firft is living, Juch Iffue is a Saftard. If a Woman elope with a Stranger, and hath a Child by Mm, her Husband being within the four Seas, this is le- gitimate, and /hall inherit the Husband's Lands. He that gets a Saftard in the Hundred of Middleton, in Kent., forfeits all his Goods and Chattels to the King.

BASTERNA, a Kind of Vehicle, or Chariot, ufed by the antient Roman Ladies. Salmafius obferves, that the Bafterna fucceeded the Litter ; from whence it differ 'd very little, except that the Litter was borne on the Shoul- ders of Slaves, and the Safterna by Beafls. Qaftmbon fays, it was borne by Mules. F. Daniel, Mabillon, &c. call it a Kind of Chariot, and fay it was drawn by Oxen, to go the more gently : And Gregory de 'Tours gives an Infiance of its being borne by wild Bulls. The Infide they call'd Cavea, Cage; and it had foft Cufhions or Beds, bdides Glaffes on each Side, like our Chariots. The Mode of Saf- terna's paffed from Italy into Gaul, and thence into other Countries ; and to this we owe our Chariots ; which, tho we call 'cmCurrus, yet have they no Conformity to the antient Currus, but are in effecl Bafterna's impvov'd. 'Papias thinks, that Bafterna is wrote for Vefterna ■. Rofzveid fays, it fhould be Vix Sterna, which he concludes from Ifidore, who fays, Bafterna, Vice fterna. The Word, however, feems derived from 0d(a or /Wjw, I carry; or from^^Vo:, any thing proper for a Carriage. See Coach.

A a BASTILE,