Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/237

 BAR

land had their Barons $ and in Chejbirc there is one fiill fubfiftine, viz. the Barony of Burford. But as no Bi/hop, but thole who hold immediately of the King, are 'Peers of the Realm, (for the Bifhop of Sodor and Man t holding immediately of the Earl of 2)erby, is no 'Peer of England,) fo no Baron, but thofe who hold immediately of the King, ai&Peers of the Realm. See Peer.

Baron is alfo us'd for an Officer ; as the Barons of the Exchequer -j of whom the Lord Chief Baron is the chief ; three others are his Affiftants, in Caufes of Juflice between the King and his Subjects, touching Matters belonging to the Exchequer and the King's Revenue. They are call'd Barons, becaufe Barons of the Realm were us'd to be im- ploy'd in that Office. Their Office is alfo to look to the Accompts of the King 5 to which end they have Auditors under them j as well as to decide Caufes relating to the Revenue, brought by any means into the Exchequer. So that of late they have been conftantly Perfons learn'd in the Law 5 whereas formerly they were Majores & difcre- tiores in Regno, Jive de Clero ejfent, Jive dc Curia. Sir William Temple fays, that Baronies were originally the larger Shares of the Lands of conquer'd Countries, which the Northern Invaders, fuch as the Goths, &c. ufed to di- vide among their Generals, and chief Commanders ; as the fmaller Shares, divided among the Soldiers, were call'd Feuda, or Feps.

There are alfo Barons of the Cinque-Tons ; which are Members of the Houfc of Commons j two ftand for each Port. (See Cinque-Port.') Baron is alfo ufed for the Huf- band, in relation to the Wife 5 which two in Law are call'd Baron and Feme. The Chief Magiitrates alfo of the City of London, before they had a Lord-Mayor, were call'd Barons.

Menage derives the Word Baron from the Latin Baro, a ftrong valiant Man. Others from the German bawer, Peafant. Ijidore, and after him Camden, take the Word in its original Senfe to iignify, a mercenary Soldier. The Mefficurs of the Port Royal derive it from &tp©-, Authority, Power. Cicero ufes the Word Baro for a Jlu- fid brutal Man. And the old Germans make mention of buffeting a Baron, i. e. a Villain. The Italians ufe the Word Barone to fisnify a Beggar, and baronare, to beg. Others, again, derive it from the old Gaulijb, Celtick, and Hebrew Languages : but the moft proba- ble Opinion is, that it comes from the Spanifh Varo, a flout noble Perfon ; whence Wives come to call their Huf- bands, and Princes their Tenants, Barons. In the Salick Laws, as well as the Laws of the Lombards, the Word .Baron fignifies a Man. In the general and the old Glof- fary of Philomenes, he translates Baron by *wp, Man. M. de Marca and Camden, derive it from the German Bar, Man, or Freeman : Others again from Banner haires, En- fign-Bearer.

BARON AND FEME, a Term in Heraldry, when the Coat of Arms of a Man and his Wife are born per Pale in the fame Efcutcheon, the Man's being always on the Dexter Side, and the Woman's always on the Siniilcr : But here the Wife is not an Heirefs ; for then her Coat muft be born by the Husband on an Inefcutchcon, or Ef- fcutcheon of Pretence.

BARONET, a Diminutive of Baron, a Dignity or De- gree of Honour next beneath a Baron, and above a Knight, having Precedency of all other Knights, excepting thofc of the Garter. 'Tis given by Patent, and is the loweft De- gree of Honour that is Hereditary. The Word Baronet is ufed in fome of our old Statutes, &c. for Banneret ; parti- cularly in a Statute of Richard II. The Order of Baro- nets was founded by King James I, in itfn, who rais'd 'em in lieu of Knights Bannerets 5 or, as others will have it, in lieu of the antient Valvafors. They had feveral con- fiderable Privileges given 'em, with an Habendum to them and their Heirs Mate. They were allow'd to charge their Coat with the Arms of Ulfter, which are in a Field Argent a Hand Gules ; and that upon condition of their defending the Province of Ulfter, in Ireland, againft the Rebels, who then harafs'd it extremely 5 and, to that end, were to raife and keep up 30 Soldiers, at their own Expencc, for three Years together j or, to pay into the Exchequer, a Sum fuf- ficient to do it; which, at %d. per Day per Head, is 1095 /. now always remitted 'em. Their Number was at firft li- mited to 200, but was afterwards increas'd. The Title Sir is granted 'em by a peculiar Claufe in their Patents, tho they be not dubb'd Knights. A Baronet, and his eldeft Son being of full Age, may claim Knighthood. To be a Baron 'tis requir'd a Perfon have 1 000 A per Ann.

BARONY, the Dignity, Territory, and Fee of a Ba- ¥0n • under which Notion are not only compriz'd the Fees and Lands of temporal Barons, but alfo otBiJbops; who, befides their Spiritual Eftates, have alfo Temporal ones given 'em by the King, and call'd Baronies, by which they become Barons, and are Lords of Parliament. In an- tient Times, 13 Knights Fees and | made up ^."Tenure %cr Baroniam, which amounted to 4C0 Marks per Ann,

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BAR

This Barony, according to BraSon, is a Rioht invifible, Wherefore if an Inheritance be to be divided amono Co- partners, tho fome Capital Meffuagcs may be divided vet if the Capital Meffuage be the Head of a County, or Ba- rony, it may not be parcell'd ; and the Reafon is, left by this Divifion, many of the Rights of Counties and Baronies by Degrees, come to nothing, to the Prejudice of the Realm ; which is laid to be compos'd of Counties and Ba- ronies. The Baronies belonging to Bifiiops are, by fome call d Regalia, as being held folely on the King's Libera- lity. Thefe don't confift in one Barony alone, but in ma- ny ; for, tot cram Baronire, quot ma]ora pnedia.

BAROSCOPE, a Machine to iriew the Alterations in the Weight of the Atmoffhcre, ftom /3a f ©-, onus, and aiumi®, video. See Barometer.

„, BARRATRY, in a marine Senfe, is the Mafter of a Ship's cheating the Owners or Infurers, whether by running away with the Ship, finking her, deferring her, or embez- zeling the Cargo.

BARREL, a Veffel or Meafure for things liquid. The Barrel, Wine Meafure, contains 42 Gallons, or half of a Hogfhead. Ale or Beer Meafure, 35 Gallons, or half a Hogfhead. (See Meafure.) The Barrel or Barrille of Flo- rence, is a liquid Meafure containing =0 Fiafques, Flasks, or one third of a Star or Staio. The Barique, Barrel of 'Paris, contains no Pints, or iffSepticrs and an half; four Baricjues make three Muids.

Barrel is alfo ufed for a certain Quantity, or Weight, of feveral Merchandizes; which is various as the Commodities vary. In this fenfe we fay, a Barrel, or Cask, of Her- rings, or Mackerel; 12 whereof make a Laft. & Bar- rel of Gun-powder for Ships, is ordinarily about 100 Pounds Weight. Authors derive the Word ftom the Spanifh Bar- ril, an earthen Veffel with a wide Belly and narrow Neck. The Roman. Barrel, according to Vigenere, contains four Congia, or -j6 Pints, and weighs 17c Pounds 10 Ounces.

Barrel, in Anatomy, a pretty large Cavity behind the Drum of the Ear. It is lined with a'Mcmbrane, in which there are feveral Veins and Arteries. It is always full of a purulent Matter in Children ; and in its Cavity there are four fmall Bones, viz. the Malleolus, the Incus, the Sta- pes, and the Os orbiatlare. See Ear.

BARRETOR, in Law, a common Mover or Maintain- or of Suits, Quarrels, or Parties, either in Courts or elfe- where; and who is himfelf never quiet; qui cum'teren- tiano Z)avo omnia ferturbat. Lambard derives the Word from the Latin Barathro, or Balatro, a vile Knave or Un- thrift. Skene fays, that Barretors are Simonijls ; and de- rives the Word from the Italian Barrataria, Corruption, or Bribery in a Judge.

BARRICADO, a militaty Term for a Fortification, or Retrenchment, haftily made with Veflels of Earth, Carts, Trees, £i?c. to preferve an Army from the Enemy's Shot, or Affault. The general Matter of Barricades is Trees, which are crofs'd with Battoons as long as an Half-Pike, bound about with Iron at the Feet, and ufially fet upinPaf- fages, or Breaches, to keep back as well the Horfe as Foot.

BARRIER, a kind of Fortification made at a Paflage, Retrenchment, Gate, (gc to flop up the Entry thereof. It is ufually made of great Stakes, about four or five Foot high, placed at the Diftance of eight or ten Foot one from another, with ovcrthwart Rafters, to ftop either Horfe or Foot that wou'd rufh in; in the middle of which is a moveable Bar of Wood, which opens and fliuts at Plea- fure.

Barriers have been likewife ufed to fignify a martial Exercifc of Men, armed and fighting together with Ihort Swords, within certain Rails oiBars, whereby they are in- clofed from the Spectators.

BARRISTERS, in Law, Perfons who for their long Study, and Knowledge of the Common Law, are call'd out to the Bar, to take on 'em the Protection, and Defence of Clients. Thefc, in other Countries, are call'd Licen- tiates. To pafs Barrifters they were formerly oblig'd to ftudy eight Years, now feven. The Exercife requir'd, was 12 grand Moots perform 'd in the Inns of Chancery in time of the grand Readings, and 24 petty Moots at the Inns of Chancery in Term-Time, before the Readers of the refpec- tive Inns of Chancery. A Barrifter newly called, is to at- tend the next fix long Vacations the Exercife of the Houfe, viz. in Lent and Summer, and is thereupon for thefe three Years call'd a Vacation Barrifter. Thefe are call'd Utter Barrifters, i. e. Pleaders without the Bar, to diftinguifh 'em from Benchers, or thole who have been Readers, who are fometimes admitted to plead within the Bar, as the King's, Queen's, or Prince's Council are ; hence call'd Inner Barrifters.

BARRULET, in Heraldry,- is the half of the Clofet, and the quarter of the Bar.

BARRY; when an Efcutcheon is divided Bar- ways into an even Number of Partitions, it is exprefs'd in Blazon by the Word Barry, and the K umber of Pieces is to be fpe-

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