Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/232

 BAR

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BAR

Wiocver fiijfers a Man to ftarve, whom he ought to

fuftain, is a Murderer : Whoever is rich, and refufes to give Alms, fliffers thofe

to fiarve whom be ought to fuftain : therefore, whoever is rich, and refufes to give Alms,

is a Murderer.

BARBARIAN. The Greeks call'd all thofe Barbarians who were not of their Country ; as did alfo the Romans, generally. This Word fignified with them no more than Fo- reigner, and did not carry that Odium with it as it does now. This may appear from thofe Lines of Ovid, who was cer- tainly a well-bred Man.

Barbaras hie ego fum, quia non intelligor ttlli, Et rident ftolidi verba Latina Gette.

Strabo derives the Word 8a$Baz©- from s&tf/W^Hf, balbu- tire, by reafon Foreigners coming to Athens ufed to Ham- mer, or fpeak coarfely : Others derive it from /fef^ap, a Word that Foreigners frequently ftumbled on, which yet had no Meaning; others from the Arabick Bar, a Defart; and VaJJius from the Chaldee Adverb N~a, extra, foris.

BARBARISM, in Grammar, is a hard or coarfe Ex- preffion, and fuch as is not ufed by polite Authors ; 'tis a Fault between a Solecifm and Impropriety, and-is commit- ted by ufing any foreign Word or Phrafe, not fuited to the Genius of the Language ; or by the dropping of Particles, Pronouns, or Prepoiltions, where they arc necefTary. Sui- das, Hejycbius, SSc. confine the Barbarifm to a fingle Word ; but Vaugelas extends it to Phrafes.

B ARBE, in Commerce, a kind of Horfes brought from Barbary, much eftcem'd for their Vigour and Swiftnefs : They are ufually of a flender Make, and their Legs far apart. 'Tis a Maxim, that Barbs grow rife but never old, becaufe they retain their Vigour to the laft; which makes 'cm prized for Stallions. 'Tis faid they were an- tiently wild, and run at large in the Defarts of Arabia; and that it was in the Time of Chequi Ifmael, that they firft began to tame 'em. 'Tis faid there are Barbs in Africa that will outrun Oftriches, ordinarily fold, according to Dapper, for 1000 Ducats, or too Camels. They are fed very fparingly ; Dapper fays with Camel's Milk. 'Tis ad- ded, that in Barbary they preferve the Genealogy of their Barbs, with as much Care as the Europeans do thofe of their noble Families ; and that to fell 'em, they always pro- duce their Titles of Nobility.

Barbe, a military Term. To fire en Barbe, is to fire the Cannon over the Parapet inftead of thro the Embra- zures ; but in this cafe the Parapet muft be but three Foot and a half high.

Barbe, or Barde, is alfo an old Term for the Armour of the Horfes of the antient Knights, and Soldiers, who were accouter'd at all Points. La Crufca fays, the Barde if an Armour of Iron or Leather, wherewith the Neck, Brealf, and Shoulders of the Horfe are cover'd.

BARBOTINE, a Grain, otherwife call'd Semen Santo- -licum, and Semen contra Vermes, or Worm-Seed; which fee.

BARDESANITES, an Heretical Sect, the Followers of Bardefaues, of Mefopotamia ; who as foon as he became a Chriflian, diftinguifh'd himfelf by his Knowledge in Phi- lofophy, but afterwards renouncing the Chriftiari Religion, embraced the Errors of Valentinus, and added to them others of his own : He afferted the Actions of Mankind to depend on Fate. His Followers invented other Notions.

BARDS, antient Poets among the Gauls and Britons, who defcribed and fung in Verfe the brave Actions of the great Men of their Nation. The Defign of their Verfes was to paint and recommend Virtue, and fometimes to put an end to the Difference between Armies at the very point of En- gagement. The Bards differ'd from the Druids, in that the latter were Priefts and Teachers of the Nation, but the former only Poets and Writers, (See Druid.) Larrey, Bo- din, and Pafquier, indeed will have the Bards to have been Priefts ; Cluverius and 'Pafquier Philofophers ; and Cluverius Orators too, but without much Foundation in Antiquity. Strabo divides the Setts of Philofophers among the Gauls and Britons into three, viz. the Druids, Bards, and E- vates. The Bards, adds he, are the Singers and Poets ; the Evates, the Priefts and Natural Philofophers ; and the Druids, to Natural Philofophy add alfo the Moral. Hor- nius however reduces 'em to two Setts, via. Bards and Druids ; others to one, and make Druid a general Name comprehending all the others : Cluverius will have it that there were Bards alfo among the antient Germans ■ becaufe 'Tacitus makes mention of their Songs and Poems which contain'd their Hiftory. Bochart derives the Word' from parat, to fing. Camden agrees with Feftus, that Barde properly fignifies a Singer: and adds, that the Word is

pure Britifb. Others derive the Name from Bardus, '3. Druid, the Son of Dryis, and the fifth King of the Celtic.

BAR-FEE, a Fee of 10 Pence, which every Perfon ac- quitted of Felony pays the Gaoler.

BARGE, a little floating Veflel ufed in the Navigation of Rivers, (£c. Barges are of various Kinds, and ac- quire various Names, according to the Variety of their Ufes and Structures : As,

A Company's Barge, A Severn-Trot',

A Row-Barge, A Ware-Barge,

A Royal-Barge, A Light Horfeman,

A Sand-Barge, A Weft-Country-Barge.

BARK, the exterior Part of Trees, ferving -em for a Skin or Covering, (See 'Plant.) There are a great many kinds of Barks in ufe in the fcveralArts : Some in Medicine, as the Quinquina, or Jefuits Bark,Macer, &c. fee Cortex ; others in Dying, as the Bark of the Alder or Willow ; others in Spicery, as Cinnamon, Cajjia lignea, &c. fee Cinnamon, &c. the Bark of Oak in Tanning, fee Tanning ; orhers on other Occafions, as Cork ; that of the Linden-Tree for Cordage for Wells ; that of a kind of Birch ufed by the Indians tor Canoos, capable of holding 24 Perlbns. The Antients wrote their Books on Barks, efpecially thofe of t\\e AJb and Linden ; not on the exterior or outer Bark, but the inner and finer.

The Bark of Trees in general is of a fpungy Tex- ture, and by many little Fibres which pals thro the ca- pillary Tubes whereof the Wood confifts, communicates with the Pith ; fo that the proper Nutriment of the Tree being imbibed by the Roots, and carried up thro the fine arterial Veflels of the Tree by the. Warmth of the Soil, ££?c. to the Top of the Plant, is there condens'd by the cold Air, and returns by its own Gravity down the Veflels which do the Office of Veins, lying between the Wood and inner Bark, leaving as it pafles by, fuch Parts of its Juice as the Texture of the Bark will receive, and requires for its Sup- port : See Sap. That foftwhitHh Rind or Subftance between the inner Bark and the Wood, which Mr. Bradley thinks todo the Office of Veins, fome account a third Bark, only dif- fering from the others in that its Fibres are clofer; 'tis this contains the liquid Sap, Gums, (Sc found in Plants in the Spring and Summer Months. It hardens by little and little, by means of the Sap it tranfmits, and is converted imper- ceptibly into the woody Part of the Tree. There are few Trees but what have it ; yet 'tis ftill found in lefs Quanti- ty, as the Tree is more cxpofed to the Sun : that of the Oak is ordinarily aoout an Inch Diameter. 'Tis here that the Corruption of Trees generally begins : whence thofe who fell and cut out Trees, ought always to take care to leave as little of it on, as poffible. See Wood.

In the tvioludics they manufacture thcBark of a certain Tree into a kind of Stuff or Cloth. 'Tis fpun and drefs'd much after rhe manner of Hemp. The long Filaments fe- paratcd from it, upon beating and fteeping it in Water, com- pote a Thread, of a middle kind between Silk and com- mon Thread; neither fo Toft nor bright as Silk, nor fo hard or flat as Hemp. Some of thefe Stuffs are ^ure Bark, and are call'd -Penaffes, Beambonnes, &c. In others they mix Silk with the Bark, and call 'em Guingans and Ntllas : the Fomalongees too, are part Silk part Bark, and are only diftinguifh'd by being ftriped.

Bark, a little Veflel for the Sea, with pointed or trian. gular Sails, in number two, or three at the molt. Menage derives the Word from the Latin Barca; Eournier from Barce, a City in Africa ; and Toletamis from Barcelona ; others, among whom Salmafius, from the Greek gneis, I round Building; Scaliger from g*&t, ab Oneribus gerendis. Some Authors ufe the Word Bark for any Veflel that has no Mails. Of Barks there are various Kinds : As, A Binlander, A Skmt,

A Sack, A Suaul,

A Sattec, A Snouke.

BARK-BINDING, a Diftemper incident to Trees, cu- red by flitting the Bark, or cutting it along the Grain of the Tree.

BARK-GALLING, is when Trees are gall'd by Thorns, or by being bound to Stakes, gfc. and is cured by Clay laid on the gall'd Place, and bound up with Hay.

BARKING of Trees, is the Peeling off or Stripping the Bark from the Wood. The Month of May is the Seafon for Barking of Trees, becaufe then the Sap loofens the Bark from the Wood; which 'tis very hard to eftett in any other Time, unlefs the Seafon be very wet; Heat and Drynefs being always oppofite thereto.

BARM-YEAST, the Head or Workings-out of Ale ot Beer. See Leven, 'Pafi, Baking, &c.

BARNABITES, a Set of Religious, or Regular Priefts, of the Congregation of St. 'Paul. Their Habit is blackj and the fame with that they wore when firft eftabiifh- ed, Anno Domini 1533. by the exprefs Bulls of Pope Clement VII. Their Office is to inftrutt, catechize, and

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