Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/221

 AUT

C i*i )

AXI

Authemticks, Authentic^, in the Civil Law, is a Name
 * ivcn to the Novels of Juflinian. See Novel.

The Reafon of the Denomination is not well known.— Alciat Will have it to have been firft given them by Accurfius.

They were Originally compofed in Greek* and afterwards tran- slated into Latin by the Patrician Julian, who alfo reduced them into fewer Words and lefs Compafs.— In the time of Bulgarus, there was a fecond Verfion made, more exact and literal, though not quite lb elegant as the former.

This Translation, fays the Author juft cited, being preferred by Accurfius, he call'd it the Authmt'ica, by way of preference over that of Julian, as being more conformable to the Origi- nal.

The Authenticks or Novels are divided into IX Collations, or Chapters. See Chapter, CiviL-Law, <&c.

AUTHOR, Auctor, properly denotes one who created or produced any thing,- and is applied by way of Eminence to [he firft Caufe, viz. God.— Thus we Jay the Author of Nature, <&c. See Cause, God, Nature, <&e.

The Word is Latin, form'd of the Greek, *t»ro S, Ipje.

The Term Author is fometimes alfo ufed in the lame Senfe with Inve?itor.—Polydore Virgil has wrote eight Books of ti& Au- thors ox Inventors of things, <&c See Invention.

Pythagoras is held the Author of the Dogma of Metempfychofis. See Metempsychosis, &c.

Author, in Matters of Literature, is a Perfon who has wrote or compofed fomc Book, or Writing. See Book, Writing, &c.

Thus we fay the Qicred Authors; anonymous Authors, &c— The Latin Authors pillaged the Greeks, Sec. See Anonymous, &c.

An Original Author is he who firfl trcared of any Point or Subject who did not follow any other Perfon, imitate any Mo- del either in the Matter or the Manner of what he has wrote. See Original.

AUTHORITY, Auctoritas, a right to command, and make one's felf obey'd. See Power.

In this Senfe we fay the Supreme or Soveriegn Authority; Ab- solute or Defpotic Authority; the Royal Authority-, the Epifcopal Authority; the Authority of the Church; of a Father, <&c. See Supreme, Sovereign, Royal, Despotic, <&c. See alfo Ju- risdiction, Government, &c.

Authorit?, is alfo ufed for theTeftimony of an Author, or Writing. See Testimony.

The Word is alfo particularly underftood of an Apophthegm, or Sentence of fome great or eminent Perfon, quoted in a Diicourfe, either by way of Proof, orEmbellifhment.

The Term alfo includes Rules, Laws, Canons, Decrees, De* cifions, &c. alledged in Confirmation of a Matter in Difpute. See Confirmation, &c.

Paflages quoted from Arifotle are of great Authority in the Schools : Texts of Scripture are of decifive Authority.

Authorities make a Species of Arguments call'd by Rhetorici- ans, inartificial? or extrmjic Arguments. See ARGUMENT.

For the UJe and Effi-cl of Authorities, fee Evidence, Reason.. Probability, Faith, Revelation, &c.

AUTOCEPHALUS, a Perfon who is his own Chief or Ma- iler, and has no other over him. See Acephalus.

The Word is compounded of the Greek time,, jpf S; and xtQx&j Caput, Head.

This Denomination was given by the Greeks to certain Arch- bilhops, who were exempted from the Jurifdiction of Patri- archs.— Such was the Arcbbifhop of Cyprus, by a general Decree of the Council or Ephcfus, which freed him from the Jurifdicti- on of the Patriarch of Antioch. See Archbishop, Patriarch, &e.

There were feveral other Bifhops in the Eaft, who were Au- tocephali; and in the Weft, thofe of Ravenna pretended to the fame Right.— The Vlfh Council, Canon 39. fays, they have the fame Authority with Patriarchs ,• but this is not to be underftood in the full Latitude of the Words; but only as intimating, that the Autocephali have the fame Authority over their Bifhops, that Patriarchs had over their Archbifliops : In which Senfe only they are equal to Patriarchs. See Bishop, Metropolitan, drc.

AUTOGRAPHY, Autograph, the very Hand-writing of any Perfon : Or the Original of a Treatife* or Difcourfe.— In opposition to a Copy. See HAttD-witing, Original, Copy, Crc.

The Word is form'd of the two Greek Words mom, and

7£«#«, fcribo.

AUTOMATON, or Automatum, a felf-moving Engine; or a Machine which has the Principle of Motion within it felf. See Machine and Motion.

Such were Archytas's Dove, mentioned by Aulus Gellius, Noil. An. L.io. and Regiomontanus's Wooden Eagle, which, as Hake- ■will relates, flew forth of the City, met the Emperor, fainted him, and return'd : As alfo his Iron Fly, which at a Feaft flew out of his Hands, and taking a round, returned thither again. Apol c 10. §. 1.

Among Automata are reckoned all Mechanical Engines which go by Springs, Weights, &c. included within them; fuch are

Clocks, Watches, &t. See Spring, Pendulum, Clock? Watch, &c.

The. Word is Greek, «vr^u»w, compounded of»«s, ipfe, and i*4Tw, facile; whence *vr«y,wH, Jpojti anions. —The Cartefiins maintain Brutes to be mere Automata. See Cartesianism, Cause, &c.

AUTOPSY, Autopsia, an ocular Demonftratidn; or the feeing a thing one's felf. See Sight, Vision, &c.

The Word is compounded of dvrU, ipfe, and «^f!. Pi/us} Sight

AUTUMN, Autumnus, the third Seafon of the Year; be- ing that wherein the Harveft, and the Fruits of the Summer are gathered. See Season, Year, &c.

Autumn begins on the Day when the Sun's Meridian Diftance from the Zenith, being on the decreafc, is a mean between the greateft and Jeaft; which happens when the Sun enters t£j. Its Endcoincides with the beginning of Winter. See Winter,^.

Some derive the Word from augeo, I increafe, %iwd annum fru+ gibus augeat.

Divers Nations computed the Years by Autumns; the En- glijh-Saxons, by Winters.— -Tatitm tell* us, the antient Germans were acquainted with all the other Seafons of the Year, but had no Notion of Autumn. Limuoed obferves of the beginning of the feveral Seafons or the Year, that

Dat Clemens Hyemem, dat Peirus Ver CAtkedtatvsi ASfluat Urbauus, Autumnat Bartholomew.

Autumn, in Alchymy, the Time or Seafon when the Ope*- ration of the Philofopher's-ftone is brought to Maturity and Per- fection. See Alchymy and PhilosofherV-S/mw.

AUTUMNAL, fomething peculiar to Autumn. See Au- tumn.

Autumnal Point, is one of the Equinoctial Points; being that from which the Sun begins to defcend towards the North Pole. See Equinoctial Point

Autumnal Equinox, is the Time when the Sun is in the Autu?n~ nal Point. See Equinox.

Autumnal $gw are thole through which the Sun paffes du- ring the Seafon of Autumn. See Sign.

The Autumnal Signs are Libra, Scorpius, and Sagittary. See Libra, Scorpius, and Sagittarius.

AUXESIS, in Rhetorick, a Figure, when any thing is mag-, nified too much. See Figure and Hyperbole,

AUXILIARY, AuxrLiARis, any thing that is helping or af- filting to another. See Auxilium.

Thus we fay a Prince is to truffc more to his own Soldiers, than to Auxiliary Troops, <&c.

Auxiliary Verbs, in Grammar, are fuch as help to form or conjugate others; that is, are prefixed to them to form ordenote the Mood and Tenfe thereof. See Verb, Conjuga- tion, &c.

Such, in Englifh are, have, am, or be; in French, eftre and a- voir; in Italian, ho and /duo-, 6cc.

All the modern Languages we know of make ufe of auxiliary Verbs.— The reafon is, that the Verbs thereoi do not change their Terminations or Endings, as thole or tbeXMtfwand Greek, to denote the different Tenfes or Times of being, doing, or fuffer- ing; nor the different Moods or Manners of" their lignifying : So that to i'upply this detect, recoorfe is had to different auxlliar Verbs. See Termination, Tense, Person, &c.

The Auxiliary am fupplies the want of Paflives in our Lan- guage. See Passive.

Befides the perfect auxiliary Verbs, we have 'feveral defective ones; as do, wil/,Jba!l, way, can, and have; which by changing their own Terminations, fave the necefliry of changing thofe of the Verbs they are added to. — Thus, infead of ego uro, in uriSi il/e urit, &c. we fay, I do burn, thou doji burn, he doth burn,

AUXILIUM, in Law. See Aid.

Auxilium Curie, lignifies an Order of the Court for the fum- moning of one Party at the Suit of another.

Auxilium ad Filium Militem faciendum <£r HUam Maritandatn, was a Writ directed to the Sheriff of every County, where the King or other Lord had any Tenants, to levy of them reafona- ble Aid, towards the Knighting his Son, and the Marriage of his eldeft Daughter. See Aid.

AWARD, in Law, the Judgment of one who is neither af- fign'd by Law, nor appointed by the Judge, for ending a Matter in Controverfy; but is chofen by the Parties themfelves that are at variance. See Arbitrator, Arbitration, <&c.

AWN, in Botany, Arifla; the Beard growing out of the Husk of Corn or Grafs. See Arista, Cornj &c.

AWNING, on board a Ship, is when i Sail, a Tarpaulin, or the like, is hung over any part of the Ship, above the Decks, to keep off the Sun, Rain, or Wind.

In the Long-boat they make an Atoning, by bringing the Sail over the Yard and Stay; and homing it out with the Boat- hook.

AXILLA, or Ala, in Anatomy, the Cavity under the upper Part of the Arm; commonly called the Arm-pit. See Arm. A a a The