Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/217

 AVE

C 177 )

AUG

A late Author who has wrote a TreatiTe exprefs upon Ave- rage, diftmguiflies two Kinds thereof^ Simple or Private, and Grofs or Common.

To the firft, the particular things which fuffer, alone contribute \ to the fecond, all both the Ship and the Merchandizes contribute in common.

Of the firft Kind are all extraordinary and unforefeen Ex- pences and Accidents, befalling either the Ship, or the Goods, or both; the Lois in which Cafes, is to be wholly defray'd by the thin 1 ' or things which occafioned it. — Such as the lofs of Ca- bles, Anchors, Mails, and Sails, by reafon of Storms, &c. As alfo Damages accruing to Goods through their own Defects, by willing, rotting, wetting, Storms, Pirates, <&c. The Sailor's Wages while the Ship is extraordinarily detained by Embargo's, provided flic be hired for the whole Voyage, and not per Month. AH thefe are fimple or private Averages, and not to be charged to the common Account.

For grofs or common Average to have Place, the Author juft mentioned, fheivs, i°. That Jomething mud have been caft into the Sea, and this out of abfolure Neceiluy. z°- That the Com- mander have had the Confent of the Owners for fo doing. 3 . That it have only been done for the Safety of the whole Ship, and that the Ship have been faved in Conlequence thereof. — In fuch Cafe, all thofe for whofe Intereft the thing was caft into the Sea, are to contribute to indemnify the Peribn whole Pro- perty it was : And every thing is to be taxed hereto, fo much as Jewels, Gold, d"c. notwithstanding they do not any way burthen the Ship; and even the Veflel it (elf, but not Pauengers, nor ProvKions. Raiuoid. Chrifi. a Derjchau in Nov. Lit. Mar. Bal. 1700.

To the occafions of common Average may be added, Com- politions with Pirates for the Ranlbm of the Ship - as alfo Ca- bles, Mails, Anchors, &c. loft or abandoned for the common Good; the Food and Phylick of the Sailors wounded in Defence of the Ship; and the Pay and Provihons of the Crew when the Ship is arrefted or put under Embargo by order of a Pi ince, pro- vided it were hired for the Muuth, and not for the whole Voyage.

Average is more particularly ufed for the Quota or Propor- tion which each Merchant or Proprietor in the Ship or Loading is adjudg'd, upon a reafonable Eftimation, to contribute to a common Average.

Average is alfo a little Duty which ibofe Merchants who fend Goods in another Man's Ship, pay to the Mafter thereof, for his care of them, over and above the Freight. SeepREiGHT.

Hence, in Bills of Lading it is exprcifed. — Paying fo much Freight for the faid Goods, with Primage and Average accu- ftomed.

AVER-CORN, in antient Writings, fuch Corn as by Cu- ftom is brought by the Tenant's Carts or Carriages, to the Lord's Granary, or Barn.

AVERIA, in our Law Books, properly fignify Oxen orHorfes ufed for the Plough ; but in a general Senfe, any Cattle.

When mention is made of one Beaft, they fay, ^uidam eauus, vd qui dam Bis: When of two, or more, they do not fay Eaui or Bovcs, but Avcria.

AVERMENT, in Law, ufually fignifies an Offtr of the De- fendant to make good, or juftify an Exception pleaded in Abate- ment or Bar of the Plaintiffs Action.

The Word alio fignifies the Act as well as the Offer of jufti- fying the Exception.

Averment is two-fold, general and particular— A general Aver- went is the Conclufion of every Plea to the Writ, or in Bar of Replications, or other Pleadings,- (for Counts, or Avowries in nature of Counts, need not be averred,) containing Matter affir- mative, ought to be averred with an hoc paratus eft Verifcare.

Particular Averment is when the Life of a Tenant for Life, or Tenant in Tail, is averred, &c. And an Averment contains as well the Matter as the Form thereof.

AVERNI, among the antient Naturalifts, certain Lakes, Grotto's, and other Places which infect the Air with poifonous Steams or Vapours; call'd alfo Mepbiies. See Mephites, Air, Poison, &c.

The Word is Latin, form'J of the Greek privative, *, and •fy«s, Bird ; as intimating that Birds could not fly over them, but drop'd down dead.

Avemi are faid to be frequent in Hungary on account of the abundance of Mines therein. See Mine and Mineral.

The Grotta del Can't, in Italy, is famous. See Grotta, Ex- Halation, e^r.

But the moll celebrated Avernus was a Lake near Bay a, in Campania, by Strabo call'd the Lucrine Lake, and by th* Italian Geographers, Lago di Tripergola. — The Fumes it emitted are reprcfented by the Anticnts as of fo malignant a Nature, that Birds could not fly over it, but funk down dead; which fome later Writers have chofe to attribute to this, that the fulphurous Effluvia hereof, not being of confidence to fuftain the Birds, they drop'd by their own Weight.

This Ci;-cumftance, joined with the great Depth of the Lake, occaftoned them to take it for the Gare or Entrance of Hell j
 * nd accordingly Virgil makes JGtieas defcend this Way to the In-

feri. Vibiut Soquefter lays, there was no Bottom to be found of it : Immenfe Altitudmis cujus ima pars apprehendi non potefl. Sc2 Hell.

AVERRUNCATION, in Agriculture, the Aft of fcraping* cutting, or lopping off the fuperfluous Branches of Trees. Sec Pruning.

AVERRUNCI, in Antiquity, an Order of Deities among the Romans, whofe Office was to avert Dangers and Evils. See God.

The Greeks call'd this Species of Gods, 'AAi|«***, or 'As-«to/a- nwfiKj and their Feaft Aifmtf&rn ; Sometimes, 'A«wge»Yw«,

The Egyptia?is had alfo their DH Averrmci, or Apotrop who were pictured in a menacing Pofture, and fometimes with Whips in their Hands.— Ifis was a Divinity of this Kind; as is fhewn by Kircher. See Oedip. JEgypt. T. III. p. 487.

AVERPENY, a. d. Average-peny, Money contributed to- wards the King's Averages ; or Money given to be freed thereof- See Average.

AVERSION. See Antipathy.

AVERY, a Place where Oats, or Provender are kept for the King's Horfes. See Averia.

AUGES, in Aftronomy, two Points in a Planet's Orbit, o- therwife call'd Apftd?s. See Apsides.

One of the Auges is particularly denominated the Apogee? the other Perigee. See Apogee and Perigee.

AUGMENT. See Augmentation.

Augment, Augmkntum, in the Greek Grammar, an In- create or the Quantity, either of a Letter, or a Word. See Quan- tity.

There are two Kinds of Augments. — 7impor ale, or of a Letter, when a fliort Vowel is changed into a long one; or a Dipthong into another longer one; thus call'd byreaiou the time of its Pro- nunciation is now lengthened.

Augmentum Syllabkum, ox of a Syllable, is when a Letter or Syl- lable is added at the beginning of the Word ; io that the Num- ber of Syllables is enlarged.

AUGMENTS,h] Mathematicks. See Increments, Fluxi- ons, &c.

AUGMENTATION, Augmentation the kSt of aug- menting, that is, of adding or joining fomething to another, to render it larger, or more contiderable. See Addition, Ac- cession, Accretion, Amplification, &c.

AUGMENTATION is alio ufed for ihe Augment; I e. the Additament, or the thing added. See Additament, Accessi- on, <irc.

Such a Minifter petitioned the King for an Augme?itation of Salary, of Wages, &c.

Augmentation was alfo the Name of a Court erected un- der Henry VIII. to the end the King might be juftly dealt with, touching the Profit of fuch Religious Houfes, and their Lands, as were given him by Act of Parliament the fame Year.— This Court was didolv'd under Queen Mary, by the Parliament held the firft Year of her Reign ; but the Oifice of Augmentation re- mains to this Day.

The Court took its Name hence, that the Revenues of the Crown were thought to be much augmented by the Suppreffion of the faid Houfes ; many Jof which the King referved to the Crown.

Augmentations, in Heraldry, are additional Charges fre- quently given as a particular Mark of Honour, and generally born either on an Efcutcheon, or a Canton — Such are the Arms of Vljier, bore by all the Baronets of England.

AUGUR, in Antiquity, an Otficer or Minifter among the Romans, appointed to obferve the Chattering and Feeding of Birds; and by means thereof, form Conjectures about future Events. See Augurs'-

The Augurs made a College or Community, which at firft confided of three Perfons, then four, and laftiy nine ; four of them VatriciaJiS) and five Bkbians.— Cicero was of the College of Augurs. S.e College.

They bore an Augural Staff, or Wand, as the Enfign of their Office and Authority.

The Word Augur is derived from Avis, Bird, and Garritus, Chattering. Pezron derives it from the Celtic Au, Liver, and Gur, Man : So that according to him, an Augur is properly a Perfon who infpecls the Entrails, and divines by means of the Liver : Others derive it from the Arabick Ggor, good Fortune.

Augurs, properly fpeaking, differed from Aufpiccs, and Augury from Aufpicy? in that the farmer was in ftridlnefs confined to the chirping of Birds, and the latter to their flying, feeding, &c. See Auspices, &c.

AUGURY, in Antiquity, the Art of divining, or foretelling Events, by the chattering, iinging, and feeding of Birds. See Divination and Augur.

The Obfervation of Auguries is very antient, as having been prohibited by Mofes in Leviticus.— The Cup put in Benjamin's Sack, in Egypt, was that ufed by Jofepb to take Auguries by.

In its more general Signification, the Word Augury comprizes

all the diflerent kinds of Divination ; which Varro diftinguifhes

into four Species of Augury, according to the four Elements.—

Pyromancy, or Augury by the Fire^ Aeromancy, or Augury by

Z z the