Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/190

 ART

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ART

of an Artery 1 would eafily feparate the fpiral Fibres from one another. As the Arteries grow fmaller, thefe Coats grow thinner.

All the Arteries are conical, i. e. begin with a Trunk, and growing lets and narrower, end in Branches fo minute, that they efcape the Sight, unlefs affifted with Microfcopesj by which, in the Tails of Tadpoles and very fm'all Eels, the Extremities of the Arteries feem, by the fwift uninter- rupted Courfe of the Blood, to be inofculatcd or continued to the Originations of the Veins : Tho by the Tranfparency of thofe Veffels, the actual Continuation be hot vifible. See Anastomosis, and Inosculation.

The Coats of the Arteries are of a very denfe, cjofe Con- texture ; by which means the Blood not being vifible thro' them, they generally appear white. Add, that the Blood proceeding from a greater Capacity to a lefs, is thereby fotne- what obftrucled in its Pafiage ; but being forced on by the Motion of the Heart, diitends the Coats, and thereby oc- cafions a faliant Motion, call'd the PuJfe. — By this Thick- nefs and Whitenefs of the Arteries, with the Pulfation ob- ierved therein, Arteries are diitinguilh'd from Veins. See Vein.

The Pulfe of the Arteries, like that of the Heart, con- firms of two reciprocal Motions, a Syrtolc or Contraction, and a Diattole or Dilatation: But they keep oppofite Times; the Syftole of the one anfwering to the Diaitole of the other. See Pulse, Systole, and Diastole,

All the Arteries of the Body, we have obferved, arife in two large 'Trunks, from the two Ventricles of the Heart. That from the right Ventricle, is called the 'Pulmonary Artery, ferving to carry the Blood into the Lungs : That from the left, the Aorta, or great Artery's which, by its numerous Ramifications, furniflies all the reft of the Body, as far as the remoteft Stages of Circulation. See Circu- lation of the Stood.

The Great Artery, after it leaves the Heart, divides into two large Trunks, called the afcending, or upper ; and de- fending, or lower, 'Trunks. See Aorta.

The afcending Trunk, or Aorta, afcendens, conveys the Blood to the Head, and other upper Parts of the Body, and is fubdivided into three Branches.- — The firlt, the right Subclavian, whence arife the Carotid, Vertebral, Cervical, right Axillary, &c. — The feconS, is the left Carotid. — The the third, the left Subclavian 5 whence arife the left Cer- vical, Vertebral, and Axillary.— -See each defcribed in its proper Article, Subclavian, Carotid, Vertebral, Cervical, Axillary, &c.

The defcending Trunk, or Aorta defcendens, carries the Blood to the Trunk, and the lower Parts of the Body.

Out of this arife the Bronchial, Intercofials, Coeliac, 'Phrenic, Mcfentcric, Emulgent, Spermatic, Iliac, Umbili- cal, Epigaflric, Mypogajlric, Crural, &c. with their feveral Ramifications. — See each in its Place.

A Draught of the feveral Arteries, with their Divifions and Subdivifions, in their natural Order and Pofttion, as taken from the Life ; fee in Plate Anatomy.

Artery, is alfo applied to that fiftulous Tube, compo- fed of Cartilages and Membranes, which defcends from the Mouth to the Lungs, for the Conveyance and Reconvey- ance of the Air, in Refpiration. See Respiration and Lungs.

This is particularly called the Afpera Arteria, or Trachea, and popularly the Wind-pipe. See Trachea.

ARTERIAL, or Arterious, in Anatomy, fomething that relates to the Arteries. See Artery.

The arterial Blood is fuppofed more warm, florid, and fpirituous than the venal. See Blood.

The Antients gave the Name Vena Arteriofil, to tbeTube or Canal whereby the Blood paffes from the right Ventricle of the Heart to the Lungs, as fuppofing it of an intermediate Nature and Office, between an Artery and a Vein. — The Moderns finding it a real Artery, call it the Pulmonary Artery. See Pulmonary.

The Canalis Arteriofus, is a Tube in the Heart ofa Fee tus 5 which with the Foramen Ovale, ferves to maintain the Circulation of the Blood, and divert it from the Lungs. See Canalis Arteriofus, Ketus, Circulation, and Fora- men Ovale.

ARTHRITIS, in Medicine, a Difeafe better known un- der the Name of the Gout. See Gout.

The Word is form'd from the Greek apOpoi/, Articulus, a Joint -j in regard the chief Seat of that Diftemper is in the Joints. — ■

ARTFIRODIA, in Anatomy, a Species of Articulation, wherein a flat Head of one Bone is received into a iliallow Socket of another. See Bone and Articulation.

Such is that of the Humerus with the Scapula. See Hu- merus, ckc.

The Word is formed from the Greek *f9poe, Articulus, and S'zyoiMu, recipio, I receive.

ARTHROSIS, or Ap„thron, in Anatomy, a Juncture of two Bones, defigned for Motion 5 called alfo Articulation. See Articulation.

The Word is formed from the Greek afya? t Articular Juncture, Joint.

ARTICLE, Articulus, a little Part or Divifion ofa Book,Writing, or the like.— Aquinas divides his Sum of The- ology, into feveral Queftions ; and each QuefKon into divers Articles. — Such an Account confiits of fo many Articles.

Article is alfo ufed for the feveral Claufcs, or Condi- tions of a Convention, Treaty of Peace, or the like. See- TREATy, Convention, &c.

In this Senfe we fay, Articles of Marriage, Articles of Ca- < pitulatio??, Preliminary Articles, ckc. — The Eitublifhmcnt ' of an Eaft-India Company at Oftend, is a direct Breach of the eighth and ninth Articles of the Treaty of Munjier.

Articles of the Clergy, Articuli Cleri, are certain Sta- tutes touching Perfons and Caufes ecclefiaftical, made un- der Ed-ivard 11. and III.

Article of Faith, is fome Point of Chriftian Doctrine which we are obliged to believe, as having been revealed by God himfelf, and allow'd and cftablifhd as fuch by the Church. See Faith, ££jc.

Article, Articulus, in Anatomy, is a Joint, or Juncture, of two or more Eoncs of the Body. See Bone, Joint, &c, fee alfo Articulation.

Article of 'Death, Articulus Mortis* the laft Pangs, or Agony of a dying Perlon. See Agony.

The Pope ulually fends his Benediction to the Cardinals, £i?c. in Articulo Mortis.

Article, in Arithmetic, fignifies the Number 10, or any Number jullly divifible into ten Parts 5 as 20, 30, 40, f$c. — Thefe are fometimes called tDecads, and fometimes round Numbers : Harris.

Article, in Grammar, is a Particle ufed in mod Lan- guages^ for the declining of Nouns, and denoting the feve- ral Caies and Genders thereof. See Particle, Noun, Case, Gender, &c.

The Ufe of Articles arifes hence, that in Languages' which have not different Terminations to exprefs the dif- ferent States and Circumllances of Nouns 5 tjiere is fume- thing required to fupply that Office. See Termination..

The Latins nave no Articles j but the Greeks, and moft of the modern Languages, have had Recourfe hereto,' for fixing and afcertaining the Vague Signification of com- mon and appellative Names. See Name and Ati'Ella- tive.

The Greeks have their 0, the eaflern Tongues' their he. Emphaticum ; the Italians their //, lo, and I a. —The French their le, la, and les. — The Englijh alfo have two Articles* A and The; which being prefixed to Subllamives, apply their general Signification to fome particular Thing. — Thus we fay, * Man-, that is, fome Man or other: The Man- 3 that is, that certain Man. —

Hence it appears that A is ufed in a larger, and more ge- neral Senfe, being applied indifferently tn any particular Per- fon or Thing. — Whereas, The diilingui flies individually, and ITiews what particular Thing is Ipokc of.— If the Sub- ftantive to which the Particle d is amVd, begin with a Vowel, or an H; we write and fpeakit, An: So we fay, An Eye, an Hour, i$c.

Some Grammarians make the Article a dirtinct Part of Speech ; others will have it a Pronoun ; and others, with Mr. Greenwood, a Noun adjective. -See St eech, Pronbun, Adjective, &c.

Articles are Things of great Service in a Language, as they contribute to the more neat and precife expreffino of fe- veral Properties and Relation which mult, otherwife be lolt. — And hence one great Difadvantage of the Latin, above other Languages which have Articles; in that the Article. being either exprefled, or left out, makes an Alteration in the Senfe, which the Latins cannot diftinguifli. — Thus when the Devil faid to our Saviour, Si tu es films Dei, it may ei- ther be underftood, if you are a Son of God, or, if you are the Son of God. — Scaliger, from the Want of Articles in the Latin, concluded them ufclefs.

The Italians even prefix Articles to proper Names * which dont naturally need any, in regard they do of them- felves fignify Things individually.' — Thus they fay, IlArioflo ? 11 TaJJb, II Petrarcha. — Even the French join the Article to the proper Names of Kingdoms, Provinces, gjfc. as la- Suede, la Normandie. — And we our felves do it to the Names of certain Mountains and Rivers 5 as the Rhine, the 'Danube, the Alps, Sec.

Indefinite Article. The Article A is laid to be in- definite^ becaufc applied to Names taken in their more general, and confuted Signification 5 as, He travelled with the Port and Equipage ofa Prince $ where the Word Prince may be underflood of any Prince in the general.

Definite Article. The Article The is faid" to be defi- nite, or dcmotfjlrative, as fixing the Senfe of the Word it is put before, to one individual Thing. See Definite.

Fa. Suffer diftinguimes a third kind of Articles in the

French, which he calls intermediate, or partitive; ferving to

denote part of the Thing exprefled by the Subitantives the'/

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