Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/189

 ART

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ART

Art is better defined, after my "Lord Bacon, a proper Difpofal of the Things of Nature by human Thought and Experience, fo as to make them anfwer the Deiigns and Ufes of Mankind. See Experiment,^-

Nature, according to that Philofopher, is fometimes free, and at her own Difpofal; and then fhe manifefts herfelf in a regular Order: as we lee in the Heavens, Plants, Animals, i^c— Sometimes ihe is irregular, and diforderly, either thro' fome uncommon Accident, or a Depravation in Mat- ter, when the Refiftance of fome Impediment perverts her from her Courfe; as in the Produaion of Montters. See Monstkr. — At other Times fhe is fubdued and fafhion'd by human Induftry, and made to ferve the fcveral Purpofes of Mankind.

This laft is what we call Art ; in which Senfe, Art flands oppofed to Nature. See Nature, Artificial, £5?c. _ ■ Hence, the Knowledge of Nature may be divided into the Hiftory of Generations, of Pr a; regenerations, and of Arts.— The firft confiders Nature at Liberty; the fecond, her Errors; and the third, her Reftraints.—

Art is alfo ufed for Science or Knowledge reduced into Practice. See Knowledge.

Several of the Schoolmen hold Logic and Ethicks to be ArtSz inafmuch as they do not terminate in mere Theory, but tend to Pra£Hce. See Theory and Practice; fee alfo Logicks, Ethicks, &c.

In this Senfe, fome Branches of the Mathematicks are Arts, others Matters of Doctrine, or Science. See Mathe- maticks.

Staticks is wholly fcientifical, as it takes up with the mere Contemplation of Motion : Mechanicks, on the contrary, is an Art, as it reduces the Doctrines of Staticks into Prac- tice. See Mathematicks.

Art is principally ufed for a certain Syftem or Collection of Rules, Precepts, and Inventions or Experiments, which being duly obferv'd, make the Things a Man undertakes fucceed, and render them advantageous and agreeable. See Rule, PreCept, Experiment,^.

In this Senfe, Art is oppofed to Science, which is a Collection of fpeculative Principles and Conclusions. See Science.

'The Nature and Origin of Art, and its 2)iJiin£iion from Science, will be farther confide/ d in the Preface to this Work.

Arts, in this Senfe, maybe divided, with refpeft to their Scope and Object, into human, as Medicine ; and divine, as Theology. See Medicine and Theology.

Human, again, may be fubdivided into Civil; as Law, Politicks, &c. Military, as Fortification, ££c Phyfical, as Agriculture, Chymiftry, Anatomy,^. Metaphyseal, as Logicks, pure Mathematicks, ££?c. Philological, as Gram- mar, Criticifm, &c. Mercantile, to which belong the Me- chanical Arts and Manufactures. Sec each in its Place.

Arts are more popularly divided into Liberal and Me- chanical.

The liberal Arts are thofe that are noble, and ingenuous ; or which are worthy of being cultivated without any re- gard to Lucre arifing therefrom. — Such are Poetry, Mu- fick, 'Painting, Grammar, Rhetoric, the 'military Art, Ar- chitecture, and Navigation. See Liberal; fee alfo Poe- try, Music, Grammar, Rhetoric, &c.

Mechanical Arts, are thofe wherein the Hand, and Body are more concern'd than the Mind; and which are chiefly cultivated for the fake of the Profit they bring with them. — Of which kind are moil of thofe which furnifh us with the Neceflaries of Life, and are popularly known by the Name ^Trades. — Such are Weaving, Turnery, Brewing, Mafonry, Clock-making, Carpentry, Joinery, Foundery, Printing, &c. See Trade, Manufacture, ckc.

The mechanical Arts take their Denomination from /*»- yjx,M, Machine ; as being all pra&ifed by means of fome Machine or Inftrument. See Machine, &c.

With the liberal Arts it is otherwife ; there being feveral of them which may be learat and practiced without any Inftrument at all: As Logic, Eloquence, Medicine proper- ly fo called, &c. ,

The Arts which relate to the Sight and Hearing, My Lord Bacon obferves, are reputed liberal beyond thole which re- gard the other Senfes, which are chiefly employed in Mat- ters of Luxury. See Sense.

It has been well noted by fome Philofophers, that during the Rife and Growth »f States, the military Arts chiefly nourifh; when arrived at their Height, the liberal Art s $ and when on the declining hand, the voluptuary Arts.

There are alfo divers particular Arts ; as the Art of Me- mory, the Art of Decyphering, Art of Flying, of Swim- ming, Art of Diving, ^c. See Memory, JDecypherinc, Flying, Swimming, Diving, &c.

2)emocritus maintain'd, that Men learnt all their Arts from Brutes ; the Spider taught 'em Weaving, the Swallow Building, the Nightingale Muficj and feveral Medicine.

The Nature, Office, Hiflory, &c. of the feveral Am ; will be found under their rcfpetlive Articles in this -D;cli- onary.

The Word Art is derived from the Greek apST*, Virtue, Induftry. — This is the Opinion of "Donatm, on the firil Scene of 'Terence's Andria : Ars atto tjk aps-rfc, diffia eft per Syncopen. Others derive it from <*£;?, Utility, .Profit ; which is found in that Senfe in JEfchylus.

Art is alfo applied to divers imaginary, and even fuper- ftitious Do&rines and Inventions.— Such are,

Lully's Art, or the Tr an fcen dental Art, by means whereof a Man may difpure whole Days on any Topic in Nature, without underitanding the leaft tittle of the Thing in Difpute ; thus called from its Inventor Raimond Lully, or Ramon Lull.

It confifts chiefly in difpofing the feveral Sorts of Beings into divers Scales or Climaxs, to be run down in a defcend- ing Progreflion. — Thus, whatever were propofed to be talk'd on, they wou'd fay, firft, it is a Being, and confequently, one, true, good, ferfetH : then, it is either created, or in- created. Again, every created Being is either Body or Spi- rit, &c.

Angelical Art, or the Art of Spirits, is a Method of attaining to the Knowledge of any thing defired, by means of an Angel, or rather of a Daemon. See D^mon.

Under this come the Arts of Magic, Sorcery, Witchcraft, Sec. See Magic, Sorcery, Witchcraft, &c.

("Term,

\ Master, Degree, Faculty.

Term c/Art, -i r Mafter of Av*ts, j*

Ars Notoria, is a manner of acquiring Sciences by Infufion, without any other Application than a little Failing, and making a few Ceremonies. See Fasting, &e.

They who make Profeflion of this Art, affirm that it was by means hereof that Solomon, in one Night's Time, ac- quired all his Knowledge.— SDe/no fhews it to be a crimi- nal Curiofity, and founded on a fecret Compact with the Devil. iDifquif. Mag. p. u. It was folemnly condemn'd by the Sorbonne, in 1320.

St. Anfelnt's Art, is a fuperftitious Manner of curing Wounds, by barely touching the Linen wherewith thofe Wounds had been cover'd. See Wound and Sympathy.

2)elrio, in his 2)ifquiJitiones Magica, obferves that fome Italian Soldiers, who practiced this Art, attributed the In- vention thereof to St. Anfelm ; but aflures us withal, that it was really invented by Anfelm of 'Parma, a celebrated Ma- gician.

St. Paul's Art, is a Branch of the Ars Notoria, fo called as being fuppofed to have been taught by St. Paul, after his being taken up into the third Heaven.

Art and 'Part, is a Term ufed in the North of England, and in Scotland. — When any one is charged with a Crime, they fay he is Art and Part in committing the fame ; that is, he was hoth a Contriver, and afted a Part in it. See Principal, Accessary, £5?c.

ARTERIOTOMY, in Chirurgery, &c. the Operation of opening an Artery ; or of letting of Blood by the Arteries ; practiced in fome extraordinary Cafes. See Artery, Phle- botomy, &c. — For the Effects hereof, fee Aneurisma.

Arteriotomy, is a very dangerous Operation , feldom ufed with Defign, except in the Temples, and behind the Ears, where the Arteries are eafily doled again by reafon of the Cranium underneath, which would be very difficult in any other Part. — In the other Parts it ufually proves fatal ; and we have numerous Inftances of Perfons kilfd in Bleed- ing, by a Miftake of an Artery for a Vein.

Catherwood endeavours to introduce Arteriotomy in apo- plectic Cafes, as much preferable to Ven^fecTion ; but he is not much followed. See Apoplexy.

The Word is form 'd of apTte/.a., and Tipw, feco, I cut.

ARTERY, Arteria, in Anatomy, a hollow fiftulous Canal, appointed to receive the Blood from the Ventricles of the Heart, and diflribute it to all Parts of the Body, for the Maintainance of Heat and Life, and the Conveyance of the nece£Tary Nutriment. Sec Blood, Heart, Life, &c.

The Word is Greek, apneas ; which fome imagine deriv'd. from cliip, Aer, the Air, and rnpUj, fervo, to keep : But others who underftand the Ufe of the Part better, derive it from ttVo to it/par, becaufe of its continual Throbbing or Beating.

The Arteries are ordinarily compofed of three Coats or Membranes. The firft or outermoft, nervous or tendinous; being a Thread of fine Blood Veflels with Nerves, for nou- rishing the other Coats. The fecond raufcular, made up of circular, or rather fpiral Fibres ; of which there are more or fewer Strata, according to the Bignefs of the Artery : Thef* Fibres have a ilrong Elafticity, by which they contrail them- felves with Force, when the Power by which they have been ftretched out, ceafes. The third and inmoft Coat is a fine, denfe, tranfparent Membrane, which keeps, the Blood within its Channels, which otherwife upon tie Dilatation