Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/188

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ARRIERE, a French Term, literally Sgni&irig the

bind, or pojierior Part of any Thing ; ufually wrote in En- glifh, abridgedly, Rear. See Rear.

Arriere-Ban, or Ariere-Sa?/, in the French Cuftoms, is a general Proclamation, whereby the Kingfummons to the War all that hold of him ; both his Vaffals, i. c. the No- bleffe, and the Vaffals of his Vaffals. See Vassal, Te- nure, &c.

To the Provoft of 'Paris belongs the convoking and com- manding of the Ariere-San. See Provost, &£.

M. Cafeueuve takes the Word to be compoled of Arricre and San: The San, according to him, denotes the con- vening of the Nobleffe or Vaffals, who hold Fees immedi- ately of the King ; and Arriere, thole who only hold of the King mediately. — Tafquier obferves, that the Word is frequently mentioned in the Salic Law. Arriere-CV/j". See Corps.

Arr.iere-Fee, or Fief, is a Fee dependant on fome other fuperior one. See Fee.

Thefe commenced at the Time when the Counts and Dukes, rendering their Governments hereditary in their Fa- milies, diftributed to their Officers certain Parts of the royal Domains which they found in their Provinces ; and even permitted thofc Officers to gratify the Soldiers under them, with Parts thereof. See Count, Duii£,£Sfc. Arriere-Guard. See R.KAR-Guard. Arriere Vajjal, ot Tenant, the Vaffal or Tenant of ano- ther Vaffal or Tenant. See Vassal, Tenant, ckc. fee alfo Arriere-Fee.

ARRONDIE, in Heraldry, a CROss~Arro7idie, or round- ed, is that whofe Arms arc compofed of Sections of a Circle, not oppofite to each other, foas to make the Arm buldge- out thicker in one Part than another ; but both the Sections of each Arm lye the fame Way, fo that the Arm is eve- ry where of an equal Thicknels ; and all of them termina- ting at the Edges of the Efcutcheon, like the plain Crois. See Cross.

ARSACIDES, Arsacidje, the Defccndants of Arfaces King oi'Partbia.

This Arfaces, according to the <Perfian Chronicles, was of the Lineage of Cyrus ; tho others affirm that he was de- fended from 2)arim. — Be this as it will, Arfaces having freed the 'Parthians- from the Dominion of the Scleucides, they eiteemed him the Founder of their Monarchy, and would have all their future Kings bear his Name, and be called Arfacids. Whence the Poets have attributed the Appellation to the whole Nation.

The Arfacides began to reign in Arfaces, under Sclcucus II. furnamed Calih'iicus, the third of the Seleuades, 2.40 Years before Chrift; and continued about 460 or 470 Years; when Artaxerxes kill'd Artabanns, the iaft of the Arfacides, a- bout the Year of Chrift aay.

ARSENAL, a royal or publick Magazine, or Place ap- pointed for the making, and keeping of Arms neceffary ci- ther for Defence, or Affault. See Arms and Armory.

The Arfenal of 'Venice is the Place where the Gallies are built and laid up. — 'The Arfenal of 'Paris, is that where the Cannon or great Guns are caft. It has this Infcription over the Door —

Vulca?iia 'Tela Minijlrat,

Tela Gigant(£os dcVellatura furores.

There are alfo Arfcnals, or Store-houfes, appropriated to Naval Furniture and Equipments. See Navy, Yard, Sec.

The Word, according to feme, is deriv'd from Arx or Arcus ; or rather from Ars, an Engine ; this being the Place where the Engines of War are preferv'd. — Some derive it from Arx Senatus, as being the Defence of the Senate ; others from the Italian Arfenalc, or from the modern Greek Arfcnalh ; but the moft probable Opinion is, that it is de- riv'd from Tiarfenaa, which, in the Arabick, fignifies an Arfenal.

ARSENIC, Arsenicum, in natural Hiflory, a ponde- rous mineral Subftance, extremely cauftic or corrofive, to the Degree of a violent Foifbn. See Fossil, Corrosive,

The Word is compounded of the Greek avz?, Man, and vi)L&t», I overcome, kill; alluding to its poifonous Quality. See Poison. —

In an antient Manufcript afcribed to the Sybils, is a Verfe which plainly intimates Arfenic :

Tctrafyllabus film ; prima pars mei Virum, Secunda Viftoriam fignificat.

Arfenic is rank'd among the Clafs of Sulphurs. See Sulhiur.

There are divers Kinds of Arfenic ; viz. Yellow, or Na- tive; Red, and Cryftalline.

Native Arfenic is of a Yellow, or Orange-colour ; whence it is alfo denominated Auripigmentum, or Orpimcnt. — It is chiefly found in Copper-Mines, in a fort of Glebes or Stones*

of different Figures and Sizes. Its Colour, tho' always Yel- low, yet admits of divers Shades and Mixtures, as a gold- en Yellow, reddifh Yellow, green Yellow, &c. It is found to contain a Portion of Gold, but fo little, as not to quit the Coft of feparating it. See Orpiment.

Of this are prepared two other Kinds of Arfenic, v\%. White and Red,,. ,

This, fubJimed with fome other Matters, is the Sanda- racba Greecorum. See Sandaracft.

Tho' fome Naturalilts will have Red Arfenic, and Real" gal, two diflin£t Drugs, taking the latter for a native Mine T ral, and the former for a Preparation of a native Arfenic, See Realgal.

Red Arfenic, called alfo Realgal, is only the native Yel- low rubified by Fire.

The White,, or Cryftalline, is drawn from the Yellow a by fubliming it with a Proportion of Sea-Salt. — 'Tis this Species is chiefly in Ufe among us for real Arfenic. Some. Authors give it a different Origin, and maintain it a native Matter, found in white fcaly Glebes in the Mines.

White and Yellow Arfenic are alio procurable from Co-r bait: The Method of which, as practifed in Hungary, is given us by. Dr. Krieg, in the c JPbihfopbical Tr at, factions, N° 295. — -The Cobalt being beat to Powder, and the light fandy Part wafh'd off, by a Current of Water, they put what remains in a Furnace ; the Flame of which palling over the; Powder, takes along with it the Arfenical Part, in Form of a Smoak ; which being rcceiv'd by a Chimney, and carried thence inter a clofe Brick Channel, fticks by the Way to the Sides ; and is fcraped off, in form of a whiti/b, or yellowifh Powder. — From what remains of the Cobalt, they proceed to make Smalt. See Smalt.

The fmallelt Quantity of any of thefe Arfemcs, being mixed with any Metal; renders it friable, and abfolutely de- flroys its Malleability.

Hence, the Refiners dread nothing fo much as Arfenic in their Metals; nor could any thing be fo advantageous to them, were fuch a thing to be had, as a Menftruum that would abforb, or act on Arfenic alone ; for then their Me- tals would be readily purified, without flying off, or evapo- rating. See Refining.

A fingle Grain of Arfenic will turn a Pound of Copper into a beautiful fqeming Silver. This Hint many Perfons have endeavoured to improve on, for the making of Sil- ver, but in vain, as it could never be brought to fuftain the Hammer: Some have been hang'd for coining Species of this fpurious Silver. See Silver, Coining, Sic.

The Chymiits furnifh feveral Preparations of Arfenic .,' which all turn on repeated Ablutions and Sublimations, to blunt the corrofive Salts thereof, and change them into a fafe Medicine, after the Manner of Sublimate — Such are Ruby of Arfenic, &c. But it fcarce appears worth the Pains : And whatever fome may urge, Arfenic fhould never be ufed inwardly in any Form, as gnawing and tearing the Parts, and occasioning mortal Convulfions. — Its Fume taken into the Lungs, kills inflantly : And the oftner it is fubli- med, fays Soerbaave, the ranker it grows. — Butter and Cow's Milk taken in large Quantities, prove good Anti- dotes againft Arfenic. . Regulus of Arsenic, is the moft fix'd and compact Part thereof, prepared, by mixing it with Pot-afhes and Soap, diffolving the whole, and catling it into a Mortar ; upon which the heavieil Part falls to the Bottom. See Regulus.

Cauftic Oil of Arsenic, is a Butyrous Liquor, like Butter of Antimony, prepared of Arfenic and corrofive Sublimate.' ■ — It ferves to eat off fungous Flefli, cleanfe carious Bones, &c.

Arsenical Magnet, Magnes Arfcnicus, is a Preparation of Antimony, with Sulphur and W^hite Arfenic. .

ARSENOTHELYS, among the antient Naturalilts, the fame with Hermaphrodite. See Hermaphrodite.

The Greeks ufed the Word both of Men and Beafts. — It is form'd from ttpcm and Ohai^, Male and Female.

ARSIS and Thefts, a 'Phrale in mufical Composition ^ where a Point being inverted, is laid to move per Arfin & Thefin ; that in, rifes in one Part, and falls in another; or,' on the contrary, falls in one Part, and rifes in another z Whence is produe'd a very agreeable Variety.

ART, Ars, is defined by the Schoolmen, a Habit of the Mind operative or cffe&ive according to right Realon; or, fomewhat more intelligibly, a Habit of the Mind pre- fcribing Rules for the due Production of certain Effc&s ; or the introducing of Changes in Bodies from fome Foreknow- lege and Dcfign in a Perfon endued with a Principle or Fa- culty of Acling. See Haeit, Action, &c. ,

On this Footing, Arts are divided into active and f active: —Such as leave no external Effcft after their Operation, as Dancing, Fiddling,^, are called active or practical Arts ■ Thofe which do leave an Effecf, as Painting, &c. are called /«#/>,■ or BpBi-ve Arts. Magn: Moral lib, 1. ca P „

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