Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/186

 ARM

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ARN

Others will have them to have taken their Rife in the heroical Age, and under the Empires of the AJfyrians, Medes,and l Per(ianS$ building upon Pbiloftratus, Xenophon, and £>itintm Curtim.

Some pretend that the Ufc of Arms, and the Rules of Blazon, were regulated by Alexander. — 'Some will have them to have had their Original under the Empire of Ati- gujius 5 others, during the Inundations of the Goths ■ and others, under the Empire of Charlemagne.

Chorier oblerves, that among the antient Gauls, each Man bore a Mark on his Buckler, by the Sight whereof he might be known to his Fellows; and hence he refers the Original of the Arms of noble Families. — Camden has ob- ferv'd fomcthing like this of the antient PiBs, and Britons, who going naked to the Wars, painted their Bodies with Blazons, and Figures of divers Colours, which he fuppofes to have been different in different Families, as they fought divided by Kindreds. Yet Spelman fays, that the Saxons, 2)a?ies, and Normans, firft brought Arms from the North into England 5 and thence into France.

Upon the whole it is certain, that from Time immemorial, there have been lymbolical Marks in ufc among Men, to diftin- guifh them in Armies, and to lerve as Ornaments of Shields and Enfigns • but thele Marks were ufed arbitrarily as Devices, Emblems, Hieroglyphicks, &c. and were not re- gular Armories, like ours, which are hereditary Marks of the Nobility of a Houfe, regulated according to the Rules of Heraldry, and authoriz'd by Princes. See Device, Em- blem, Hieroglyphic,^.

Before Marlus, even the Eagle was not the conftant En- iign of the Roman Army; but they bore in their Standards a Wolf, Leopard, or Eagle indifferently, according to the Fancy of the Generals. Sec Eagle, Ensign, £S?c.

The fame Diverfity has been obferved with regard to the French and Englifh ; on which account, Authors are divi- ded when they fpeak of the antient Arms of thofe Countries. — In effect, it appears from all the bett Authors, that the Armories of Houfes, as well as the double Names of Fami- lies, were not known before the Year iqoo. And feveral have even endeavour'd to prove, that the Ufe of Arms did not begin till the Time of the firft Croifades of the Chri- ftians in the Eaft. See Croisade.

The Truth is, it was the antient Tournaments that occa- sioned the fixing of Armories. See Tournament.

Henry the Fowler, who regulated the Tournaments in Germany, was the firft who introdue'd thefe Marks of Ho- nour, which appear to be of an older ftanding in Germany ', than any other Part of Europe. — It was then that Coats of Arms were firft inftituted ; which were a kind of Livery compos'd of feveral Bars, Fillets, and Colours $ whence came the Fefs, Bend, 'Pale, Chevron, and Zozenge 5 which were fome of the firft Elements of Armories. See Coat, Fess, Bend, £5?c.

Thofe who had never been concerned in any Tournament, had no Arms, tho' they were Gentlemen. Sec Gentle- man.

Such of the Nobility and Gentry as crofs'd the Sea in the Expeditions to the Holy Land, alfo affurn'd thefe Tokens of Honour to diftinguifh themfelves.

Before thefe Times, we find nothing upon antient Tombs but Croffes, with Gothick Infcriptions and Reprefentations of the Perfons deceas'd. The Tomb of Pope Clement IV. ■who died in 126$. is the firft whereon we find any Arms ; nor do they appear on any Coins ftruck before .the Year 1356". We meet with Figures, it is true, much more an- tient, both in Standards and in Medals 5 but neither Cities nor Princes ever had Arms in Form ; nor does any Author make mention of Blazoning before that Time.

Originally, none but the Nobility had a Right of bear- ing Arms 5 but King Charles V. having ennobled the Pa- risians, by his Charter in 137 1. he permitted them to bear Arms : From whofe Example, the more eminent Citizens of other Places did the like.

Camden refers the Original of hereditary Arms in England to the Time of the firft Norman Kings. He fays their Ufe was not eftabiifh'd till the Reign of K. Henry III. and inftances in feveral of the moft confiderable Families in England, where- in, till that Time, the Son always bore different Arms from the Father. — About the fame Time it became the Cuftom here in England, for private Gentlemen to bear Arms ; borrowing them from the Lords of whom they held in Fee, or to whom they were the moft devoted.

Arms, at prefent, follow the Nature of Titles, which be- ing made hereditary, thefe are alfo become fo 5 being the feveral Marks for diftinguifhing of Families and Kindreds, as Names aie of Perfons and Individuals. See Name, &c. Arms are varioufly diftinguifh'd by the Heralds. — Full or Entire Arms, are fuch as retain their primitive Purity, Integrity, and Value 5 without any Alterations, Di- minutions, Abatements, or the like. See Diminution, Abatement, ^c.

'Tis a Rule, that the fimpler and lefs diverfificd the -Arms, the more noble and antient they are. — -For this Rea- fon, Garcias Ximenes, firft King of Navarre, and his Suc- ceflbrs for feveral Ages, bore only Gules, without any Fi- gure at all.

The Arms of Princes of the Blood, of all younger Sons and junior Families, are not pure, and full; but difjinguifh- ed and diminished by proper Differences, &c. See Diffe- rence.

Charged Arms, are fuch as retain their antient Integrity and Value ; with the Addition of fome new honourable Charge or Bearing, in Confederation of fome noble Action. See Charge.

Speaking, or focal Arms, are thofe wherein the Figures bear an Ailufion to the Name of the Family. — Such are thofe of the Family of la Tour in Au-vergne, who bear a* Tower ; that of the Family ofPrado in Spain, whole Field is a Meadow. See Device, Motto, &c.

Moft Authors hold thefe the moft noble and regular, as is fhewn by an Infinity of Inftances produced by Fa. Warennc and Menetrier. — They are much debafed, when they come to partake of the Rebus. See Rebus.

Arms are alfo faid to be Party, or divided; Coupcd, Quartered, &c. _ See Parti, Coupe, Quartering,^.

Arms are faid to be falje and irregular, when there is fomething in them contrary to the eftaklifhed Rules of He- raldry.— As, when Metal is put on Metal, or Colour on Colour, £i?c. See Metal and Colour.

The Laws, and other Affairs of Arms, with the Cogni- zance of Offences committed therein, belong, among us, to the Earl-Marjbal, and College of Anns. See Marshal and College of Arms.

Arms, in Faukonry, are the Legs of an Hawk, from the Thigh to the Foot. See Hawk and Hawjung.

King at Arms, Herald at Arms,

Poiirfuivant at Arms, College of Arms,

-King at Arms, fee3p* E,1AILD >

^ loURSUIVANT


 * ■ College of jtrms.

ARMY, a Body of Soldiers, Horfe and Foot, divided into Regiments, under the Command of a Genera], with feveral Ranks of fubordinare Officers under him. See Sol- dier, General, Officer, Regiment, £&:. fee alfo Cavalry, Infantry, £S?c.

This is to be underftood of a Zand Army. — A Naval or Sea Army, is a Number of Ships of War, equipp'd and mann'd with Marines, under the Command of an Admiral, with other inferior Officers under him'. See Navy, Admi- ral, Ship, &c.

We fay, an Army ranged in Form of Battle — The March of an Army — The Retreat of an Army — The Review of ari Army, &c. See Militia, Battle, March, Retreat, Review, Camp,^.

An Army is ufually divided into three Corps • the Van- guard, Rear-guard, and Main-Body. See Van-guard, Rear-guard, and Body.

Armies are alfo rang'd in Lines, Columns, £&\ with Wings. See Line,- Column, Wing, ckc.

Our Armies antiently were a fort of Militia, compofed chiefly of the Vaffals and Tenants of the Lords. See Vas- sal, Tenant, Lord, Service, Militia, cic.

When each Company had ferved the Number of Days or Months enjoined by their Tenure, or the Cufloms of the Fees they held; they returned Home. See Tenure Fee &c.

The Armies of the Empire confift of divers Bodies of Troops, furnifhed by the feveral Circles. See Empire and Circle.

The Grofs of the French Armies under the Merovingian Race, confifted of Infantry. Under 'Pepin and Cbarlemaign; the Armies confifted almoft equally of Cavalry and Foot : But fince the Declenfion of the Carlovingian Line, the Fees being become hereditary, the national Armies, fays le Gendret are chiefly Cavalry.

The Armies of the Grand-Signior confift moft of Jani- zaries, Spahi's, and Timariots. See janizary, Spahi, and Timariot.

ARNODI, in Antiquity, the fame with Rbaffidi. See Rhapsodi.

The Word is compounded of the Greek eeppo?, a Lamb 9 which was their ufual Reward; and Wti, Song, Singing:

ARNOLDISTS, Arnaldists, a kind of Sectaries in the Xllth Century ; thus called from their Chief, Arnold of Srejfe. — He declaimed much againft the great Wealth, and Poffemons of the Church, and preached againft Ba'p- tifm and the Eucharift.

After railing great Difturbances at JSreffe and Rome, he was hang'd at this latter Place in 115S1 and his Afhes call' into the Tyler. — His Difciplcs were alfo call'd Publicans, or "Poplecans.

M m AROMATIC,