Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/185

 ARM

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ARM

which, when filtered and infpiflated, becomes Sal-Armo- niac. — But'tis certain, all the modern Sal-Armoniac is com- pound and factitious; confilting of a Mineral, a Vegetable, and an animal Salt combined together.

Indeed, though there fcarce be any Drug more common than Sal-Armomac, the Public has been entirely at a Lofs, both as to the Place whence it comes, and how it was made ; all we knew for certain, was that it came from the Levant, and was a volatile urinous Salt, penetrated by an Acid. — Father Sicard, the Jefuite, has at length removed the Veil, in the Memoirs of the Journal de Trcvoux, for yber, r 71 7- — This Salt, fays that Father, in a Letter to the Count de Tholoufc, is made in Egypt, in a fort of Ovens contrived for the Purpofe, the Tops whereof are perforated with fe- veral longitudinal Clefts, and on thefe Clefts are laid levc- ral long-necked Glafs-Bottles, filled with Soot, a little Sea- Salt, and the Urine of Cattle ; well flopped.

This done, they cover them up with a Body of Clay and Brick, all but the Necks, which lie open to the Air ; and put the Fire in the Oven, which they keep up for 5 Days and Nights.— The Phlegm of the Materials contained in the Bottles, being thus exhaled by the Heat of the Fire ; and the acid and alkaline Salts abounding therein, being thus brought together near the Necks of the Bottles, they coalefce, harden, and form a whiti/h Mafs, which is the Sal-Armoniac — It mutt be added, that all Soot is not fit tor the Purpofe, but only that exhaling from a fort of Fuel made of Dung.

Our Chymitts have divers Ways of preparing a Sal-Armo- niac, in Imitation of this. — The common Way is by putting one part of common Salt, to five of Urine ; to which fome add half that Quantity of Soot : The whole being put in a VefTel, they raife from it by Sublimation a white friable fa- rinacious Subftance, which they call Sal-Armoniac. — M. Le- mery fufpected, that what is imported to us from Abroad, mutt be made after a different Manner 5 he even concluded that it was made as our common Salt is, by Lotion, and Evaporation : In which Suspicion, it appears from the fore- going Account, he is far from the Truth. — They purify it byDiflblution in hot Water; which being filtered, and eva- porated to a Cuticle, fhoots into a fine white Salt, ufed in Medicine both as a Sudorific and a Diuretic 3 and proving a good Aperient in all Obftructions.

There are various Preparations of this Salt, in the modern Pharmacy 5 as,

Sublimate of Sal-Armomac, of like Virtue as the purified. See Sublimation. —

Volatile Sal jirmoniac, made by fubliming the Sal-Ar- moniac with Salt of Tartar; ufed againtt malignant Fevers as a Sudorific; as alfo in Pocket Smelling-Bottles. —

Flowers of Sal-Armoniac ; made of Sal-Armoniac, with Sea-Salt decrepitated.— Its Vertues are much the fame as of the fublimated Sal-Armoniac. See Flowexs. —

Sometimes, inftead of the Sea-Salt, Iron or Steel are ufed ; which makes what they call Martial Flowers of Sal- Armoniac, of a very penetrating and deobttruent Nature, and recommended in all Kinds of Obftruftions, Cachexies, Jaundice, Dropfies, £f?c.

Spirit of Sal-Armoniac — Of this we have various Kinds, which derive different Denominations and Properties from the different additional Ingredients the Salt is diftilled with- al: As — Spirit of Sal- Ammoniac with 'Tartar, with £>irick~ lime ; witn Amber 5 with Steel or Iron: Sweet Spirit of Sal- Ammoniac, Acid Spirit of Sal-Armoniac-, 'Diuretic Spirit of Sal-Armoniac, &c.

ARMOR, or Armour, a defenfive Habit, wherewith to cover and fecure the Body from the Attacks of an Ene- my. See Arms.

Such are the Stickler, Cuirafle, Helmet, Coat of Mail, Gantlet, \$c. See Buckler, Cuirasse, Helmet, <&c.

A compleat Armor antiently confitted of a Cask or Helm, a Gorget, Cuiraffe, Gantelets, TafTes, Braffets, CuifTcs, and Covers for the Legs, to which the Spurs were fattened.— This they called Armour Cap-a-pe^ and was the Wear of the Cavaliers, and Men at Arms.

The Infantry had only part of it, vim. a Pot or Head- Piece, a Cuiraffe, and TafTes ; but all light. — Laftly, the Horfes themfelves had their Armour, wherewith to cover the Head and Neck.

Of all this Furniture of War, fcarce any thing is now re- tained.

The Gallantry of going to the Battle naked, without any defenfive Armour ? prevailed fo far, that the French, during the Reign of Louis XIV. were obliged to be continually iflu- ing Ordonnanccs to rettrain it ; in confequence of which, the General Officers, and thole of the Cavalry, were obliged to re fume the Cuiraffe.— =■

Cgs/'-Armour, is the Efcutcheon of any Perfon, or Family, with its leveral Charges, and other Furniture, as Mantling, Crett, Supporters, Motto, &c. See Escutcheon, Charge, Crest, Mantling, Supporter, Motto, &c.

Thus we fay, a Gentleman of Coat- Armour ; meaning ene who bears Arms. See Coat, Abms, Gentleman 3 %$c.

ARMORS, or Armoury, a Storc-houfe of Arm a a Place wherein military Habiliments are kept, 10 be for Ufe. See Arms.

or ready

There are Armories in the Tower, and all Arfenals M See Tower and Arsenal.

Armory is alfo ufed for a Branch of Heraldry ■ 1^; the Knowledge of Coat- Armours, as to their Blazon* an j various Intendments. See Heraldry; fee alfo C at Armour, Blazon, &c.

ARMS, Arma, all Kinds of Weapons, whether forDe fence, or Offence. See Weaton, Defence,^.

The Arms of Offence, are the Sword, Pittol, Mufquet Bayonet, Pike, £«?c. See Sword, Gun, £S?c.

Arms of Defence. See under Armor.

Fire-A&us. See FiRK-Arms.

The principal Arms of the antient "Britons, were Hat- chets, Scythes, Lances, Swords, and Bucklers : The Sax ons, &c. brought in the Halbard, Bow, Arrows, Arbalets" $$&

The Word is formed from the French Armcs ; which Nicod derives from a Latin Phrafe, §>uod operiant armcs by reafon they cover the Shoulders, or Sides : But ought ra! ther to be brought from Arma-j which Varro derives $ Areendo, co quod Arceant hofies.

J Tis fuppofed that the firft Arms were of Wood, and were only employ 'd againtt Beafls. — That Nimrod t the firft Tyrant, turn'd them againtt Men ; and that his Son Selus was the firft that waged War; whence, according to fome came the Appellation Solium. — 2)iodorus Siculus takes Se- lus to be the fame with Mars, who firft train'd Soldiers U n to Battle. —

Arms of Stone, ££?c. even of Brafs, appear to have been ufed before they came to Iron and Steel.

Jofcphus affures us, that the Patriarch Jofeph firft taught the Ufe of Iron Arms in Egypt, arming the Troops of Tharoab with a Cask and Buckler.

In the Eye of the Law, Arms, Arma, are extended toany Thing which a Man takes in his Hand in his Wrath, to catt at, or ftrike another. — So Crompton — Armorum appellatio ntrn ubique Scuta & Gladios & Galeasjigmficat,fed & Fujlestf Lapides*

Arms of Court 'efy, or Parade, were thofe ufed in the antient Jufts, and Tournaments. See Just and Tourna-

MENT.

Thefe ufually were Lances not fhod ; Swords without Edge or Point; and frequently wooden Swords, or e?en Canes.

VPaJs o/Arms, was a Kind of Combat in ufe among the antient Cavaliers. See Pass of Arms.

Place of Arms, in Fortification, EJfc. See Place of Arms.

Arms, are alfo the natural Weapons, or Parts of De- fence of Beafts ; as Claws, Teeth, Tusks of Elephants, Beaks of Birds, &c. See Bill, Talon, Tusk, &c.

Some Animals are fufficiently guarded againtt all com* mon Dangers by their natural Cloathing, their Armature of Shells, as the Tortoife, &c. See Shell, Tortoise, #fr — Others, deftitute of this Guard, are armed with Horns; others with fharp Quills, or Prickles, as the Porcupine and the Hedgehog; others with Stings, &c. See Horn, Sting, e^*

ArMs are alfo ufed figuratively for the ProfefTion of a Soldier. — Thus we fay, he was bred to Arms. See Soldier-

Arms, or Armories, are alfo ufed in Heraldry, fcf Marks of Dignity and Honour, regularly compos'd of cer- tain Figures and Colours, given or authorized by Sovereigns, and bore in Banners, Shields, Coats, £5?c. for the Dittinclion of Perfbns, Families, and States. See Figure, Coloub, Symbol, Honour, Nobility, £f?c. fee alio Shield, Sfo,

They are called Arms, in regard they are bore princi- pally on the Buckler, Cuiraffe, Banners, and other Ap- paratus of War.— They are alfo called Coats of Anns, Coat Armour, &c. becaufe antiently embroider'd on Sur- , coats, tfc. See Coat of Arms, &c.

Some will have the Name to have been firft occafionea by the antient Knights, who in their Jufts and Tourna- ments bore certain Marks (which were frequently their Miftrefs's Favours) in their Armour, i.e. their Helms or Shield ; to diftinguitti them from each other. See J usT » Tournament, &e.

Arms make the Subject of the Art at Heraldry. & c Heraldry and Blazon. -

Three Flowers de lys, in a Field Azure, are the ^rtf" oi France.— The Arms of England are three Lyons.— I" the Arms of Great-Sritain are Quartered the 4rms o{FrM' ce > England, Scotland, and Ireland. See Quarter and Ql lAB '"

TERING.

There has been a great Difpute among the Learned abo" c the Origin of Arms.—Favin will have them to havebe e " from the Beginning of the World ; Segoin from the Tie* of Noah j others, from that of Ofiris, which is fupp° rI ? by fome Paffages in tDiodorus Siculus ; others, from th

Times of the Hebrews, in

fes, Joflwa, the twelve Tribes^ ^David^ &c.

0-

regard Arms were given to m - bei'ZW.&c. Otb^