Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/178

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ARGONAUTS, in Antiquity, a Company of fifty-two or fifty-four Heroes, who embark'd along with Jafon, in the Ship Argo, for Cokbos ; with a Defign to obtain the golden fleece. See Argo and Fleece.

Hercules, fbefius, Caftor, Orpheus , &c. were of the Number of the Argonauts.

Argonauts of St. Nicholas, was the Name of a mi- litary Order inftituted by Charles III. King of Naples, to- wards the End of the 14th Century. See Order and Knight.

They wore a Collar of Shells, enclofed in a Silver Cre- fcent, whence hung a Ship with this Devife, No a credo Tcmpori, I don't truft Time. Hence there Argonaut- Knights came to be called Knights of the Shell. They received the Order of St. Sa/il Archbifhop of Naples, and held their Affemblies in the Church of St. Nicholas, their Patron. —

ARGUMENT, Argumentum, in Philofophy, as defined by Cicero, is fome probable Matter alledg'd to gain Belief. See Probability, Belief, ££c.

Others, fomewhat more fcientifically, define Argument, a Medium, from whofe Connection with two Extremes, the Connexion of the two Extremes themfelves is inferr'd. See Medium and Extreme.

Arguments are divided, with regard to their Source, into thofe fetch'd from Reafon, and thofe from Authority. See Reason and Authority.

The Logicians alfo divide their Arguments, with regard to their Form, into Syllogifms, Enthymemes, InduBlons, £5?£. See Syllogism, Enthymeme,^.

An Argument in Form, is a Syllogifm made according to the ftritr. Rules of Logick.— According to Arifiotle, the En- thymeme is the Argument of Rhetoric, as the Syllogifm is that of Logick. — Rhetoric is defined the Art of finding Arguments adapted to perfuade, or gain Belief. See Rhe- toric, Invention, Persuasion,^.

The Rhetoricians divide Arguments with refpect to the Places they are drawn from, into intrinfic or artificial • and extrinfic or inartificial, or remore. See Place, Am- plification, £5?c

The firfi, are the proper Invention of him who fpeaks; of which there are feveral Kinds, viz. Definition, Diflribu- tion, Genus, and Species, Form, Similitude, DiJJimilitude, Comfarifin, Repugnancy, Ad'mnSs, Antecedents, Confe- quents, Caufes, and EffeSs. See each in its Place, Defi- nition, Distribution, Genus, &c.

To thefe fome add two other Places of Argument, viz. the Manners, and the PaJJions. See Manners and Pas- sions*

The fecond, are borrowed from abroad, and only applied by the Orator to the Point in hand ; fuch are Laws, common Report, Books, Oaths, Torture, and Witnejfes. See Law, Oath, Torture, §j?c.

A late Author divides the Places or general Heads of Ar- guments, with regard to their End, into thofe intended to perfuade or diffuade, which are chiefly drawn from the Confiderations of Profit, Honour, and Equity : See Per- suasion. — Thofe intended to praife, or difpraife; fee Pane- gyric. — And thofe intended to accufe or defend • fee Ac- cusation, Defence, Confutation, Confirmation, Vindication, &c.

Argument is alfo a kind of Syllabus, or Abridgement of the Subject of a Book, Hiftory, Comedy, or the like. — We have almoft loft the original Ufe of Prologues, which was to give the Argument of the Play. See Prologue.

Argument, in Aflronomy, is an Arch whereby we feek another unknown Arch proportional to the firft. See Arch.

Argument of Inclination, is an Arch of the Orbit, in- tercepted between the afcending Node, and the Place of the Planet from the Sun, number'd according to the Suc- ceffion of the Signs. See Inclination.

Argument of the Moon's Latitude, is her Diftance from the Node. See Node.

The fame Term is fometimes alfo ufed for the Diftance of the Moon's true Place, from the Sun's true Place. See Place.

By this we find the Quantity of the real Obturation in Eclipfes, or how many Digits are darken'd. See Eclipse.

Argument of the Moon's Menftrual Longitude, is an Arch of her Eccentric, I.. P. (Tab. Aflronomy, Fig. 32.) intercepted between her true Place once equated L • and a right Line P Q. drawn thro' the Centre of the Eccentric B, parallel to the Menftrual Line of the Apfides.

The annual Argument of Longitude, is the Angle DAH

ARGUMENTATION, the Act of inventing or fram- ing Arguments; of making Inductions, and drawing Con- clutions. See Argument, Induction, Conclusion, Eifc. See alio Discourse, Ratiocination, £?c.

Argumentation, according to Cicero, is the delivering, or unfolding of an Argument. — The Matter of Argumenta- tions, is Propofitions ; the Form, their due Difpofition with regard to one another. See Propositiom.Syllogkm, En- thymeme, and Sorites.

ARGYRASPIDE3, in Antiquity, Perfons arm'd with' Silver Bucklers, or Bucklers filvered. See Buckler.

The Argyrafpides, according to £>uintus Curthis, Lib. iv. c. 13. made the fecond Corps of Alexander s Army ■ the firft were the Phalanx. See Phalanx.

According to Juflin's Account, Lib. xii. c. -. Alexander having penetrated into India, and extended his Empire as far as the Ocean- for a Monument of his Glory, order'd the Armour of his Soldiers, and the Houfibgs of his Horfcs, to be adorn'd with Silver:, and hence commarded them to be called Argyrafpides ; from the Greek e.sy\jpja. Silver, and cljth, Buckler.

By this Author it fhould ieem that Alexander's whole Ar- my was called Argyrafpides — After that Princes Death, the Argyrafpides defpifed all other Chief of the Army, difdaio- ing to obey any other after having born Arms under Alex- ander.

ARGYROPjEA, in Alchjmy, the Art of making Sil- .ver. See Alchymy and Silver.

The Scope or Defign of Argyrop'tea and Chryjbpeeia, is to make Gold and Silver. See Chrysopjea, Transmu- tation, Philosophers- Stone, &c.

The Word is formed of apyvpjt, Silver, and troiV-, I make. See Poesy.

AR1ANS, or Arrians, a Sect of Hereticks, the Rd- tainers to Arius, and Arianifm. See Arianism.

The Avians divided into a great Number of Parties and Factions, under different Denominations, who mutually con- demn'd each other. — Such were the Semi-Arians, Anomi- ans, Exacontians, Eufebians, Photinlans, Endoxians, Acd- cians, Euuomians, Macedonians, ALlians, Pfatyrians, &c. See Semi-Arian, Anomian, Eusebian, Photinian;

EuDOXI AN, &C.

ARIANISM, or Arrianism, an antient Herefy in the Church, broach 'd by Arius, in the beginning of the fourth Century. See Arian.

He denied that the Son was God eonfubftantial and co- equal with the Father. He own'd that the Son was the Word, but denied that Word to have been eternal ; avert- ing that it had only been created before all other Beings — See Trinity, Son, Father, ££c.

This Herefy was condemn'd in the firft Council of Nice in 321 5 but notwithftanding that, was not extingui filed : On the contrary, it became the reigning Religion, efpecially in the Eaft, where it obtain'd much more than in the Weft. —At the Time of St. Gregory Nazianz'en, the Arians were Matters of rhe Capital City of the Empire, and frequently upbraided the Orthodox with the Smallnefs of their Num- bers. Accordingly rhat Father begins his 2 5th Oration againft the Arians, thus : Where are thofe •mho reproach us -with our Poverty, and define the Church by the Multitude of 'People ; defpifing the little Flock, &c.

Arianifm was carried into Africa under the Vandals; and into Afia under rhe Goths : Italy, the Gauls, and Spain, were alfo deeply infected with it. But having reigned 30 Years with great Splendor, it funk almoft all at once.

Erafmus feem'd to have aim'd, in fome meafure, to re- ftore Arianifm, at the beginning of the iSth Century; in his Commentaries on the New Teftament : Accordingly, he was reproached by his Adverfaries, with Arian Interpre- tations and Gloffes, Arian Tenets, i$c. To which he made little Anfwer, fave that there was no Herefy more throuohly extinct than that of the Arians : Nulla Hierefis magis°ex- tintla quam Arianorum.

But the Face of Things was foon changed : ServetilS, a Spaniard by Nation, pubHAYd in 1531, a little Treadle againft the Myftery of the Trinity ■ which once more let the Herefy of the Arians on foot in the Weft. — Indeed he ra- ther fhew'd himfelf'a Photinian, than an Arian ■ only that he made ufe of the fame Paffages of Scripture', and the fame Arguments againft the Divinity of our Saviour, with the proper Arians. See Servetist.

'Tisrrue, Servetus had not, properly fpeaking, any Dif- ciples; but he give occalion, after his Death, to the' form- ing of a new Syttem of Arianifm in Geneva, much fu'btiler and more artful than his, and which did not a little perplex Calvin. — From Geneva the new Arians removed to Poland, where they gain'd confiderable Ground ; but at lensrth de- generated, in great meafure, into Socinians. See Soci-

NIAN.

The learned Grotius himfelf, feems to have bordered a little on Arianifm, in his Notes on the New Teftament-. where he mounts the Father too high above the Son ; as if the Father alone were fupreme God, and the Son inferior to him even in refpect of his Divinity. And yet 'tis rather the Doctrine of the Semi-Arians, than of the Arians, that he feems to give into. — In England, the Progrefs of Arianifm, or rather Eufebianifm, is too recent, to need a Detail.

ARIETATION. See Eiitii^jke.

ARIETUM Levatio, an antient kind of fportive Exer- cife ■ by Tilting, or running at the Quintain. See Quin- tain.

K k ARIES,