Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/176

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ARCTIC, Arctick, in Aftronomy, an Epithet given to the North-Pole, or the Pole rais'd above our Horizon. See North, and Pole.

s Tis call'd the Artlie Pole, on occafion of the Conftella- tion of the little Bear, in Greek call'd d?x.T@-; the 1 ft Star in the Tale whereof, nearly points out the North Pole. See Ursa Minor.

Arctick Circle^ is a Jeffer Circle of the Sphere, parallel to the Equator, and 15° 30' diftant from the North-Pole; from whence its Name. See Circle and Sphere.

This, and its Oppofite, the AntarBic\^ are call'd the two folar Circles; and may be conceived to be delcribed by the Motion of the Poles of the Ecliptick, round the Poles of the Equator, or of the World. See Pole and Polar.

A-RE, or A-la-mire, one of the eight Notes in the Scale of Mufick. See Note and Scale.

ARCTOPHYLAX, in Aftronomy, a Conftellation, otherwife call'd Bootes. See Bootes.

ARCTURUS, in Aftronomy, a Star, of the Conftel- lation Artlophylax, or 'Bootes. See Bootes.

The Word is form'd of apK.Tot, Bear, and «££, Tail, q. d. Sear's 'Tail:, as being very near it. — ■

. It rifes on the firft Day of September, and lets on the 1 3th Day of May; and has been fuppofed rarely to appear with- out bringing fome Storm. See Star.

ARCTOS, Arctus, in Aftronomy, a Name given by the Greeks to two Conftellations of the northern Hemi- fphere; by the Lathis called Urfa major and minor; and by us the greater and little Scar. See Ursa major and minor.

Arcuation, is ufed by fomc Writers in Surgery, for the large Cap of the Bones; as in the Cafe of Rickets, &C. See Bone, Rickets, £f?c.

Arcuation, in Gardening, is the raifing of Trees by Layers. See Tree, Nursery, &c.

This, S-witzer obferves, is now the general Method of raifing fuch Trees as can't be raifed from Seed, or that bear no Seed 5 as Elm, Abele, Lime, Alder, Sallows,^. See Seed, Planting, £f?c.

The firft Thing here done, is to procure large ftrong Mo- ther-Plants, which the Author calls Stools. Thefe being planted in a Trench, will throw out twenty, thirty, forty, or iifty Plants a-piece; which may be begun to lay about Mi- chaelmas following; at which Time, if the Stools have been carefully managed, they will have fhot five, fix, or more fnain Branches out of the Root, and on every one of thefe, as many fide or collateral Branches.

Thefe main Branches are to be bent down to the Ground, and when thus laid quite round the Stool, and pegged fa ft down, the fmall ones may be ferv'd in the fame manner. Thus the main Branches are to be cover'dover,ali except the Top; and the fmall, or Side-Branches, to be cover'd over two or three Inches thick upon the Joints. This done, they may be treaded to make them take Root the better.

About the Middle of September they may be opened; when it is probable they will have taken Root : Other- wife, they may lie till nest Spring; then taking them up, plant them in the Nurfery. See Nursery.

ARDENT, Ardens, fomething hot, and, as it were, burning. See Heat and Burning.

The Word is form'd of the Latin Ardere, to burn.

Ardent Fever, is a violent burning Fever. See Fever.

AREA, properly denotes any plain Surface whereon we walk. Sec Surface.

The Word is Latin, and originally fignifles a Thrajh'wg- Floor; form'd of the Verb Areo. See Thrashing.

Area, in Matters of Building, fignifies the Extent of the Floor. See Floor,

Area, in Geometry, denotes the Compafs or fuperficial Content of any Figure. See Figure and Content; fee alio Superficies.

Thus if a Figure, e.gr. a Field, be in Form of a Square, and its Side be 4.0 Foot long, its Area is faid to be jtfoo fquare Feet, or contains itfoo little Squares, each a Foot every Way. See Square and Measure.

Hence, to find the Area of a Triangle, Square, 'Paral- lelogram, Rectangle, Trapezium, Rhombus, Polygon, Circle, or other Figure, is to find the Magnitude or Capacity there- of in fquare Meafures— To do which, fee tinder the Articles Triangle, Square, Parallelogram, Rectangle, Tratezium, Rhombus, Polygon, Circle, &c.

To find the Area of Fields, and other Inclofures; they firft furvey or take the Angles thereof, then plot them on Paper, and thus caft up their Contents in Acres, Roods, $$c. after the ufual manner of other plain Figures: See Survey- ing, Plotting, i£c.

The Law by which the Planets move round the Sun, is this, that a Line or Radius drawn from the Centre of the Sun to the Centre of the Planet, always fweeps or defcribes Elliptic Areas proportional to the Times. Thus, the Sun being fupnofed in S, and a Planet in A, (Tab. Aftronomy ', Fig- 6 5-) and letting it proceed in any given Time, to B. In fuch Progrefs, its Radius AS, will have defcribed t\\zArea

A S B. Suppofe again, the Planet to be arrived to P j theii the Elliptic Space PSD being drawn equ^l to the other A S B, the Planet will move thro* the Arch P D in rhe fame Time as thro' the Arch A B. See Planet and TiLLxesis,.

Sir I. Ne-wton demonftrates, that whatever Bodies do ob- ferve fuch Law in their Motions about any other Body, do gravitate towards fuch Body. See Gravitation, and New- tonian Philofophy.

Area, is alfo ufed in Medicine, for a Difeafe which makes the Hair fall. See Hair.

The Area is a general kind of Depilation, and it diftin- guilhed into two Kinds, Alopecia and Ophiafis. See Alo- pecia, &c,

ARENATJON, among Phyficians, a kind of dry Batn, when the Patient fits with his Feet upon hot Sand. See Bath, Balneum.

AREOLA, or Areola Mamillaris, in Anatomy, the Circle which furrounds the Nipple. See Bp.east.

ARETOLOGY, Aretologia, that part of moral Phi- lofopher which treats of Virrue; its Nature, and the Means of arriving at it. See Virtue.

ARDENT Spirits, are thofe diP.ilFd from fermented Ve- getables; thus call'd becaufe they will take Fire and burn. See Spirit, Distillation, and Fermentation.

Such an. Brandy, Spirits of Wine, &c. See Brandy, £S?c-

ARDERS, are Fallowings or Plowings of Grounds.

ARDO l l Ventricitli, a Heat in the Stomach, ufual]-/ exprefted by the Word Heart-burn, or Cardialgy. See Car- dialgy, %$c,

ARENA, among the Romans, fometimes fignified the fame with Circus, or Amphitheatre^ viz. a Place where the Gladiators had their Combats. See Circus, Amphithe- atre, &c.

But, piopeily fpeaking, Arena was only the Pit or Space in the Middle of thofe Places. — The Arena was the fame thing with regard to the Gladiators, that the Campus, or Field, was to Soldiers and Armies, viz. the Place where they fought. — And l.c who fought in the Arena was called Are- narius. Sec Caeiator.

The Word is originally Latin, and fignifies Sand, in re- gard the PJa:e was always ftrew'd with Sand, to conceal from the View of the People, the Blood fpilt in the Com- bat.

AREOPAGUS, in Antiquity, a celebrated Tribunal of the Athenians.

Some imagine the Areopagus the proper Name of a Court of Juttice, fituate on a Hill, in Athens; and that in this Court the Senate of that illuftrious City affembled. — • Others fay that Areopagus was the Name of the whole Su- burbs of Athens, wherein flood the Hill on which the Court was built : And the Name Areopagus feems to countenance this laft Opinion; for it fignifies literally, the Hill or -Rock of Mars, from rrcLy®-, Hill, and «^*©*, belonging to Alar s. In effect, the Denomination might either arile hence, that the Areopagus was built in a Place where had been a Tem- ple of Mars;' or becaufe the firft Caufe pleaded there, was' that of this God, who was accufed of killing Neptune; or elfe becaufe Mars was there condemn'd for Adultery.

This Tribunal was in great Reputation among the Greeks; and the Romans themfelves had fo high an Opinion of it, that they trufted many of their difficult Caufes to its De- cifion.

Authors are not agreed about the Number of the Judges' who compos'd this auguft Court. — Some reckon thirty-one, others fifty-one, and others five hundred: In effect their Number feems not to have been fix'd, but was more or left every Year. — By an Infcription quoted by Volateranus, it appears they were then 300.

At firft this Tribunal only confifted of nine Perfons, who, had all difcharged the Office of Archons.— Their Salary' was equal, and paid out of the Treafury of the Republick : They had three Oboli for each Caufe.

The Areopagites were Judges for Life.— They never fat in Judgment but in the Night-time, to the Intent that their Minds mightbemore prefent and attentive, and that no Ob- ject, either of Pity or Averfion, might make any Impremon upon them. — All Pleadings before them, were to be in the fimpleft and moft naked Terms; without Exordium, Epi- logue, Paffions. &c. See Exordium, Epilogue, &c.

At firft they only took Cognizance of criminal Ciufes, but in courfe of Time their Jurisdiction became of greater Extent. — Mr. Spon, who examined the Antiquities of that illuftrious City, found fome Remains of the Areopagus ftill exifting, in the middle of the Temple of The/ens, which' was heretofore in the middle of the City, but is now with- out the Walls.— The Foundation of the Areopagus is a Semi- circle, with an Efplanade of 140 Paces around it, which properly made the Hall of the Areopagus. There is a Tri- bunal cut in the middle of a Rock, with Scats on each Side of it, where the Areopagites fat, expos 'd to the open Air:. This Court is faid by fome to have been inftituted by' Solon; but others carry it much higher, and afferr it to have

been'