Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/168

 ARiE

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ARB

The Areometer, or Water-poife, is ufuaily made of Glafs; confifting of a round hollow Ball, which terminates in a long flender Neck, hermetically feal'd a-top: there be- ing firfl, as much running Mercury put into it, as will fervc to ballance or keep it fwimming in an erect Pofition.

The Stem is divided into Degrees ; (as reprefented Tab. Miscellany, fig. 18.) and by the Depth of its De- fcent into any Liquor, its Lightnefs is concluded; for that Fluid in which it finks leaft, mutt be heaviefl ; and that in which it finks lowed, lighreft. See Waiei-^(/j, <i$c.

M. Homberg has invented a new Areometer, defenbed in •Pbilof.franfall. N° :«:. thus i A (fig: iji.) is a Glafs- bottle or Matrafs, with fo flender a Keck, that a Drop of Water takes up in it about five or fix Lines, or j% ot an Inch. Near that Neck is a fmall capillary Tube 23, about

fix Inches long, and parallel to the Keck -To fill the

Veffel, the Liquor is poured in at the Mouth H, (which is widen'd to receive a Tunnel) till it run out at 23 ; that is, till it rife in the Neck to the Mark C, by which means you have always the fame Bulk or Quantity of Liquor ; and confequently, by mean; of the Balance, can eafily tell, when different Liquors fill it, which weighs moft, or is moS intenfely heavy.

Some regard, however, is to be had to the Seafon of the Year, and Degree of Heat and Cold in the Weather : by reafon fome Liquors rarefy with Heat, and condenfe with Cold, more than others ; and accordingly take up more or lefs room. See Specifics Gravity, Rarefaction,

fge.

By means of this Inftrument, the ingenious Author has made a Table, to fbew the different Weights of the fame Bulk of the molt confiderable chemical Liquors, both in Summer and Winter ; as follows :

??.« Areometer/};// of | weigh' din Summer. \ in muter.

Quick-filver — Oil of Tartar - Spirit of Urine Oil of Vitriol - Spirit of Nitre Salt -

ox,, dr. gr. oz. dr. gr.

ii oo 07 'I oo 3 2

-oi 03 c8 'Ot 03 ;i

-01 00 31 01 eo 43

-oi 03 58 01 04 03

-01 01 40 01 01 70

-01 00 5s> ci 00 47

AquaFortis 01 oi 38 01 01 55

Diftilled Vinegar 00 07 55 00 07 Co

Spirit of Wine 00 06 47 00 o6 6l

River Water oo 07 5 3 c ° °? 57

Diftilled Water 00 07 50 so 07 54

The Inflrument itfelf weighed, when empty, one Dram twenty.eight Grains.

ARiEOSTYLE, Arjeostylos, in the antient Archi- tecture, a fort of Intercolumination; wherein the Columns were placed at the Diftance of eight, or, as fome fay, ten Modules from one another. See Intercolumniajton.

In the Areoflyle the Columns were the wider! and o- peneft they were ever planted at ; whence the Name : from the Greek i&to, rarus, and r tat?, Column.

The Areojiyle is chiefly ufed in the Tufcm Order ; at the Gates of great Cities ar.d Fortreffes.

ARjEOTICKS, or Areoticks, in Medicine, fuch Re- medies as tend to open the l'ores of the Skin, and render them large enough for the n.orbifick Matter's being carried off by Sweat or infenfible Perfpiration. See Pore, Sweat, Perspiration, iSc.

To the Oafs of Areoticks belong Diaphoretic!; s, Sudo- tificks, i$c. See Diaphoretics, Sudorifick, i$c.

ARA1GNEE, in Fortification, a Branch, Return, or Gallery of a Mine. See Mine, SSc.

ARANEA I'unica. See Arachnoides.

AR ATRUM 1'erre, in our antient Law-books, as much

Land as can be tilled with one Plough Hoc manerhtm

eft 30 Aratrorum. See Carrucata Terre.

Aratura Terre, an antient Service which the Tenant was to do his Lord, by ploughing his Land. See Service,

f$c.

ARBALET, orBALisTA, a kind of Weapon, vulgarly called a Crofi-bora, See Harqjjeeuss.

It confifls of a Steel-bow, fet in a Shaft of Wood, fur- nifh'd with a String and a Trickcr j and is bent with a piece of Iron fitted for that purpofe It ferves to throw Bul- lets, large Arrows, Darts, &e\

The Antients had large Machines to throw Arrows with- al, called Arbalets or Salifte. See Balista.

The Word is derived fiom Arbalifia, i.e. Arcubalifia, a Bow with a Sling.

ARBITER, in the Civil Law, a Judge nominated by the Magistrate, or chofen voluntarily by two contending Parties, en whom they confer a Power, by Compromife, of decidint; their Difference according to Law. See Judge and Compromise,

The Romans fometimes fubmitted to a (ingle 1 Arbiter ■ but ordinarily they chofe feveral ; and thofe in an uneven Number. See Arbitration.

In Matters wherein the publick was concerned, as Crimes Marriages, Affairs of State, iSc. it was not allowed to ha\e

recourfe to Arbiters Nor was it permitted to appeal

from an arbitral Sentence ; the Effect of an Appeal beino to fufpend the Authority of a Jurifdiiticn, not of a Com. pact. See Appeal.

Among the Moderns thete are ufuaily divers kinds of Arbiters; fom», obliged to go by the Rigour of the Law ; and others, authorized by the contending Parties to relax or give way ro natural Equity, properly call'd Arbitrators] See Arbitration.

yUfiinian abfolutely forbids a Woman from being elected Arbiter, or tittiarArbitreft ; as judging fuch an Office un- becoming the Sex. And yet Pope Alexander III. confirm 'd an Arbitral Senrence given by a Queen of France.

ARBITRAGE, or Arbitrement. See Areitea. tion.

ARBITRARY, fomething left to the Choice and De- termination of Men } or not fixed, and fettled by any pot tive Law or Injunction. See Law, Liberty, lie.

The Punishment of fuch a Crime is Arbitrary Aril.

trary Fines or Mulcts are ufuaily called Amercements. See Amercement.

The Laws or Meafures whereby the Creator acts, are Arbitrary; at leaft all the Phyfical Laws. See La-x »/ Nature.

Arbitrary 'Power. See Despotick, Power, Mo- narchy, Government.

The Word is form'd from the Latin Arbitrium, Will ; whence alfo Arbiter, Arbitrator, &c.

ARBITRATION, or Arbitrement, the refining of a Caufe or Quarrel to the Decifion of one, or more in- different Perfons under the Quality and Denomination of Afbiters, or Arbitrators. See Arbiter and Arbitra- tion.

Among us, two Arbitrators are ufuaily chofe by the con- tending Parties 5 and in cafe theie cannot agree, a third is added, called an Urnfire ; in whofe Decifion both Sides bind rhemfelves to acquiefce.

ARBITRATOR, an extraordinary Judge, or Commif- fioner, in one ot more Caufes between Party and Party, chofen by their mutual Confents. See Arbitration.

An Arbitriment is either general, that is, including all Actions, Quatrels, and Demands 5 or fpecial, which in- cludes one or more Matters, or Facts fpecified.

The Civilians make a difference between Arbiter and Arbitrator, rho they both ground their Power on the Com- promife of the Parties 3 yet their Liberty is diverfe : for an Arbiter^ tied to proceed and judge according to Law, with Equity intermingled 5 whereas an Arbitrator is pet- mitted wholly to his own Difcretion, without Solemnity of Procefs, or Courfe of Judgment, to hear or determine the Controverfy committed to him ; fo it be jttxta Arbitrium boni Viri. See Alto g? Sajfo.

ARBOR, in natural Hiftory, Botany, He. See Tree.

Arbor in Chymiftry Arbor Tbilofofbica, is a Name

common to feveral Metalline Cryftallizations ; thus call'd from their -Ramifications refembiing a Tree. See Cry- stallization Such are the

Arbor Diane, Diana's "tree. See Di ana's Tree.

Arbor Martis, Tree of Mars. See Tree of Mars.

Ar cor Torpbyriana, among the Schoolmen, is a Scale of beings ; or a Figure, confifting of three Rows or Columns of Words j the middlemoft whereof contains the Series of Genera and Species ; and bears fome Analogy to the Trunk : and the Extremes, containing the Differences, to the Branches of a Tree. See Genus, Species, and Difference Such is

SUBSTANCE

Thinking Extended

BODY

Inanimate Animate.

ANIMAL

Irrational Rational

MAN

This That

PLATO.

The Arbor 'Porfbyriatm is otherwife called Scali ?"*' came'stalis. See Prjedicament, iSc.

Arbor Genealogica, or Tree of Confanguinity ; fig" 1 "^ a Lineage drawn out, under the Figure or Refemblance 0^ Root, Stock, Branches, £=?c. See Consanguinity,"'" nealogy, Stock, cifc. , 6

Arbor is alfo figuratively ufed in Mechanicks, to' " principal part of a Machine, which ferves to fuftara

reft fit is alfo ufed for a Spindle or Axis whereon

Machine turns, g ut b