Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/155

 APH

( ii? )

APO

Hence, in viewing Venus thro' a Telefcope, a much lefs Aperture is to be ufed than for the Moott, Jupiter, or Sa- turn, becaufe her Light is fo vivid and glaring Which

Confideration does a little invalidate and diiturb M. Au- aout's Proportion, as is fhewn by Dr. Hook, ^PMLTranfa^f. N?a.

Apertura tfabalarim, in antient Law-Eooks, fignifies the breaking open a Laft Will and Teiiament. See Will and Testament.

Apertura Feudi, denotes the lofs of a feudal Tenure, by default of IfTue to him, to whom the Feud or Fee was firtfc granted. See Fee, Feud, Tenure, il^c

APETALOUS, in Botany, fomcthing without Fetala or Leaves. See Petala and Leaf.

The Word comes from the privative Particle a., and ■7nm- A6Ci Folium, a Leaf. See Flower, Plant, £Je.

APEX, the Vertex or Summet of any thing. See Ver- tex, Apices, &c.

APH-^ERESIS, or Apheresis, in Grammar, a Figure, whereby fomething is taken away from the beginning of a Word. See Figure and Word.

Thus Ciconia, by Apharefis is wrote Coma.

A like Retrenchment at the end of a Word is calPd Syn- cope or Apocope. See Syncope and Apocope.

APHELION, or Aphelium, in Affcronomy, that Point of the Earth's cr a Planet's Orbit, in which it is the far- thest dittant from the Sun that it can be. tee Orbit.

Thus a Planet being in A, (Tab. Astronomy, fig. i.) its utmoifc Diftance trom the Sun S 5 is faid to be in its Aphelion. See Planet, Sun, &c.

In the Syftem or Suppofitipn of the Sun's moving round the Earth - y the fame Point is called rhc Apogee. S--e Apog ee.

The Aphelion ftands oppofed to the Perihelion. See Perihelion.

The Afheliums of all the primary Planets are at reft 5 excepting that thofe Planets ncareft the Sun, viz. Mercury, Venus, the. Earth, and Mars, being aSed upon by Jupiter and Saturn, their Affteliums move a fin all matter in Ctm- fequentia with refpect to the fixed Stars, and this in the iefqui plicate Ratio of the Diitance of thole Planets from the Sun.

Hence, if the Jfbelium of Mars move 35 Minutes 772 Confequentia, in refpect ot the fixed Stars in ico Years; the Jphelimns of the Earth, Venus, and Mercury, will move in 100 Years, iS Min. 3<£Sec. uMin. 27 Sec. and 4Min. 29 Sec.

The Method of finding the place of the Aphelion, is by obferving feveral of the great Digreffions of the Planet from the Sun ; till by two or three repeated Observations

it be found to remain at a Hand In the "Philojcphical

Iranfatfions, N Q 128. wc have a Geometrical Method of finding the Jphelia of the Planets, by Dr. Halley.

Kepler places the Aphelium of Saturn for the Year 1700, in 28°. 5'. 44". of Sagitarius : 2)e la Hire, in 29 . 14/. 4.1". — ^ — The Aphelium of Jupiter in 8°. 10'. 40". of Libra.:

iDe la Hire in io°. 17'. 14". The jpheliv.m of Mars

in o°. 51'. 2 9 /; . of Virgo 5 2)e la Hire in o Q . -5'. 25". ■

The Aphelium of the Earth in 8°. 25'. 30". of Cancer

The Aphelium of Venus \x\ 3". 24A 3.7". of 'Aquarius 5 'He

la Hire in 6 Q - )6'. to 7 '. And the Aphelium of Mercurty

in 1 5. 44/. 2y". of Sagitarius 5 2)e la Hire\n 13^, -', 1^.",

The annual Motion, according to Kepler, of the Aphe- Hum of Saturn is i y. n\ of Jupiter^ 47 '. of Mars, r'. 7''.

of the £<wYi& oiVenuSj 1". 18". and of Mercury i'-4$'\

According to !Z?e /<a iZ/Vf?, that of Saturn is 1 '. 22". of Ju- piter 1'. 34". of 7V/#r$ 1'. 7". of the Ea/Kth of ?6ffl»

j /. 26". and of Mercury 1'. 39".

The Word comes from the Greek «»$, from, and thw\ Sun.

Ai'HONY, from theprivative Particle #% and coy:?, ^b.r, Voice; implies a lofs of Speech, or Voice. See Voice, f$c.

APHORISM, a Maxim, general Rule, or Principle of a Science ; or a brief Senrer.cc, comprehending a great deal of Matter in a few Words. See Maxim, &c

The Term is chiefly ufed in Medicine and Law.

Thus we fay the Aphprifms of Hippocrates, of Santlorius, of Soerfeaave, &c. Aphorifms of the Civil Law, &C.

The Word comes irom tiie Greek J^-s^Q-, ot c-e^w, feparo, feligo, I feparate, I chufe, q.d choice, or fclecl Sentences. See Sentence, Axiom, &C.

APHRON1TRE, Aphronitrum, a kind of Nitre, mention'd by the Antients ; fuppofed to be the Spume, or the light eft and fubtilcft Part thereof, emerging to the top. £ee Nitre.

Some modern Naturalifts rather take the antient Aphro- nitre to have been a Native Salt-Petre; now call'd Salt- petre of the Rock. See Salt-Petre.

The Word is compounded of the Greek stpp©-, Froth, and f%fi Nitre,

APHTHA, in Medicine, l;ttle Ulcers or Pto p i c s rifini* in the Mouth, the Palate, Gums, at the Root Q f tB £ Tonsue* fSc See Ulcer, &c. ' * *

Sucking Children are particularly fubiect to thefe - ph~ tha, when either the Nurfes Milk is "corrupted or the Child's Stomach becomes unfit for Digcftion : for in thefe cafes, the (harp acrimonious parts ot the Milk riling up eafily exulcerate thofe tender and delicate parts.

There are fume of thefe flphlb£ ifhite, others red, o- thers Uvid and blaekifh : The white and red are the leaft dangerous, and the mofl. eafily cured j the livid and black otten prove mortal.

When they happen in grown Perfcns, they are owing to thin, ferous, and (harp Humours returned from the feveral pans of the Eody to the Mouth.

A Liniment of Mel Rofattm and Oil of Vitriol, is e- fteem'd a good Remedy fur the Affath£*

The Word feems derived from the Greek ?si», to Cor* rupt \ or from fr-?a, accendo, I kindle.

APHTHARDOCiTEs, AuhtbarI^cit*, a Se£ of Heretics, fworn Enemies of the i ouncil of Chalcedon. •

They arofe among the Euiychians, and made their firfl: appea a ce in the Year 53s- SeeLuTYcniAN.

The Word is derived irom the Greek -h -T-'r-, incorrup- tible, and A«», 1 judge; and was g.ven them, becaufd they imagined th<.: Body of Jefus Chrift was incorruptible and impalfible, and nor capable o! Death.

ArlARY, a See-Houfe ; a place or Court where Bees are kept.

The Word comes from the Latin, /pis, a Bee. The Apiary fliould be fcreen'd from high Winds on every fide, either naturally or artificially 5 and well defended from Poultry, ^Sc. whofe Lung is otfenhve to Bees.

APICES, in Botany, little Knobs growing on the Tops of the Stamina, in the middle of Flowers. See Stamina r.nd Flower.

They are commonly of a dark, purplifh Colour. By

the Microfcopc rhey have been difcovcr'd to be, as it were, a fort of Capfiike 'Jemwates, or Seed-Veflels, containing in them fmall globular, and often oval Particles of various Colours, and exquifitely formed ; called the Farina Ftzcun- dans. See Farina Foecijndans.

What the Ufes of thefe are, is not entirely agreed ; Some have gueffed them to be a kind of male Sperm which falling down into the Flower, fecundates and ripens the Seed. See further under the Article Generation o/Plants. The Word is Latin; being the Nominative plural of Apex, the Top or dummet of any thing.

APOBATERION, among the Ancients, fignifled a farewell Speech, or Poem 5 occafiWd by a Perfon s depar- ture out ot his own Country, or fome other place where he had been Kindly received, and entertained.

Such is that of Mneas to Helemis and Andromache, ^En.

Lib. III. The Apobaterio?i ftands oppoled t'o the EpU

ba tenon. See Epieaterion.

APOCALYPSE, ApccalypfJs, q.d. Revelation; the Kame of the laft Book in the Canon of Scripture. Sea Canon and Bikle.

The S.poc-alypje contains Difcoveries, or Revelations re- lating to many important Myiterxs of Chriftian Faith 5 made to the Apoltle St. John, in the Ifle of ' 'Pathmos, during his Banifhinent there under the Persecution of 2)o?nttian. See Revelation.

The Word is form'd of the Greek aMr^Kvv &i I reveal* I difcover.

This, of all the Books of the New Teftament, is that, about which the antient Fathers, and the Practice of the

Church, were the mofl and the longeft divided St, Je~

rem relates, that the Greek Church doubted of its Authen- ticknefs even in his Days : St. Sajil and Gregory Kazian- zen abfolutely reject it 5 and the Council of Laed-icea never mention it in their Canon ot the Sacred Writings.

Some attributed it to the Heretic Ccrinthus ; and other**

to another John, Difciple of St. John 1)io7iyfms Aex-

andrinus eenfurea it as wrirten in bid Greek, and even finds Solecifms and Barbarifms in it, abundance: tho he allows ft to contain a myftic ie-nfe, which he fays he admires even where he does not understand:

Cn the other hand, St. Jufiin, Jrenmts, and St. Avpifiini make no doubt of its being Canonical. The third Council of Carthagr, held in 507, placed it in the Canon ot the New Teilament 5 and the Churches both of the Eaji and Weft have acknowledged it ever fince.

Tl e Mogiar.s are reprefented by Ecclefiaflical Writers* as great Declaimers againft the ---pccalypfo-, many of the Flights whereof they rurn'd into Ridicule; particularly the Viiions of the feven Trumpets ; the four Angels bound on

the River Euphrates, &c St.Epipftaniffi defend* it

againft them : The Book, he obferves, is nor a mere Hi* ftory, but a Prophecy ; fo that it is no wonder the Author

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