Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/145

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and 13 complained of by fome of our Politer Writers as an Abufe much to the disadvantage of our Language, tending to disfigure ir, and turn a tenth part of our {'moot heft Words into Clutters of Confonants : which is the more inexcufable, in that the want of Vowels has been the general Complaint of the beft Writers.

Another Irregularity relates to the preter Tenfe, and paf-

five Participle Thusgive, if it were regular, or formed

according to the Rule, would make gived in the preter Tenfe, and the paffive Participle : whereas it makes gave in the preter Tenfe, and given inthepatfive Participle.

ANOMALISTICAL Tear, in Aftronomy, called alfo ^Periodical Tear, is the f pace of time wherein the Earth pafTeNthro 1 herOrbit. See Year.

The Anomaliftical, or common Year, isfomewhat great- er than the Tropical Year; by reafon of the prarceffion of the 1'quinox. Sec Tropical.

ANOMALY, in Grammar, the Irregularity of Formation or Conjugation, obferved in fever al Verbs. See Anamalous.

Anomaly, in Aftronomy, is the Diftancc ofa Planet from the Aphelion or Apogee j or an irregularity in the Motion of a Planet, whereby it deviates from the Aphelion or Apogee. See Planet, Aphelion and Apogee.

Keller diftinguifh.es three kinds of Anomalies 5 Mean, Eccentric arid True.

Mean or Simple Anomaly in the antient Aftronomy, is the Diftancc ofa Planet's mean place from the Apogee. See Place.

In the modern Aftronomy, it is the Time wherein the Pla- net moves from its Aphelion A, to the mean Place or Point of its Orbit I'. (Tab. Astronomy, fig. 1.)

Hence, as the Arch, or the Angle, or the Elliptic Area A S I, is proportional to the Time wherein the Planet de- feribes the Arch A I; that Area may reprefent the mean

Anomaly* Or thus : The Area SKA found by drawing

a Line L X., thro 1 the Planet's place, perpendicular to the Line of the Apfides P A, till it cuts the Circle D A, and drawing theLine S K ; may reprefent the mean dnomaly^oi, this Area is every where proportional to the former Area SI A, as is demonftrated by Dr. Gregory ', lib. 3. Elem. AJlrom. <Phyfic. Math.

Ahomaly of the Eccentric, ox of the Centre, in the new Aftronomy, is an Arch of the Eccentric Circle A K, fig. r. included between the Aphclium A, and a right Line K L, drawn thro' the Centre of the Planet K, perpendicularly to the Line of the Apfides A P. See Eccentric.

In the antient Aftronomy, it is an Arch of the Zodiac, terminated by the Line of the Apfides, and the Line of the mean Motion of the Centre.

True or Equated Anomaly, is the Angleat the Sun, A S I, which a Planet's diftance from the Aphelium, A I, appears under ; or it \s the Angle or Area, taken proportio- nal to the time in which the Planet moves from the mean Place I, to its Aphelion A.

And hence, in the Sun's Motion, it will be the diftance of his true place, from the Apogee

The true Anomaly being given, the mean one is eafily found : but it is difficult to find the true Anomaly from the mean one given- 1 ^

The Geometrical Method of Wallis and .Neiavo/j, by the protracted Cycloid, are not fit for Calculation j nor yet the Methods of Series, as being too laborious. Hence Aftrono- mer* are forced to have recourfe to Approximation. Ward, in bis sjironomia Geometrica takes the Angle A S I, at the Focus where the Sun is not, for the mean Anomaly ; which will nearly reprefent ir, if the Orbit of the Planet be not very Eccentric j and thus eafily folves the Problem. But this Method does not hold of the Orbit of Alars, as being more Eccentric than thofe of the other Planets.

Sir Ifaac Ne-ivton ihews how to effect, even this; and when his Correction is made, and the Problem folved, ac- cording to Ward's Hypothefis, Sir Ifaac affirms, that even in the Orbit of Afars, there will fcarce ever be an Error of above a Second.

ANOMEANS, Anomoeans, or Anomians, Ano- moei, or Anomtani, a Greek Word, compofed of the privative a, and Quotas, fimilar, refembltng? q. d. different, diflimilar.

Lithe fourth Century, this was the Name by which the pure Arians were diftinguifti'd; in regard they not only de- nied the Confubftantiality of the Word, but even afferted, that he was ofa Nature different from that of the Father ; In Contradiftinclion to the Scmi-Ariam, who indeed de- nied the Confubftantiality of the Word, but own'd at the fame time, that he was like the Father. SeeARiAN, and Semi Arian.

The Scmi-Arians condemned the Anomea?is in the Council oiSeleucia, and the Anomeans condemned the Semi- Arians in their Turn, in the Councils of Constantinople and Mntjocby erafing the Word IttoTos out of the Formula of Rimini, and thatof Conjla?itinopte, and protcfting that the tfWhadnotonly a different Subftance, butalfoaWill

different from that of the Father. Wfeerice tkey were to to call'd i\voyioiQi, See Homoousia, &c.

ANONYMOUS, fomething that is n?.mebfs - cr to whichno Name is affixed. See Kami.

TheTerm is chiefly applied to Books which -to not eic- prefs their Author's Name. It i; derived from the Gyf^c di-fovpot, without Name, of the privative a and sfoua «(?»£;?, Name.

Keeker, _ Advocate of the Imperial Chamber o( Spires ; andiTlaccius of ' Hambonrg, have given a Treatife of Anur.*~

raous Books— 'Burcard Gotthelfius Stritvius, treat:; of

learned Men who have endeavoured to divine the Authors. of 'Anonymous Books.

ANOREXY, Anorexia, in Medicine, an Inappeten- cy,or Lofs of Appetite. See Appetite.

Anorexia is properly a longer continuance than is na- tural, without a defirc to eat. See Food, Fasting, Distaste, &c.

If the Thought, or the Sight of proper Food, create a Sicknefs in the Stomach, or a Tendency to vomit 5 it is called a Naz/fea. See Nausea.

Anorexia, is chiefly confidered as a Symptom of fome other Diforder, from which the curative Indications are to be taken, and afterwards Stomachics ,ufed. See Stoma- chic. The Word is compounded of the privative Participles

and op^.^e.', Czipio, I defire

ANSES, or Ansje, in Aftronomy, thofe apparently pro- minent Parts of the Planet Samrn's Ring, difcovered in ltsopemng, and appearing like Handles to the Body of that Plant, See Saturn and Ring.

The Word is Latin; and literally fignifies Handles or

Arms of divers Utenfils.

ANSCOTE, in our antient Law Books, the fame with Angild. See Scot and Lot.

ANSEL Weight. See Aonsex Weight. ANSPESSADES, a kind of Inferior Officers in the French Poor, below the Corporals, .'and yet above the com- monCentinels. See Corporal, k$c.

There are ufually four or five in each Company—The Word is formed of the Italian lanfa fpe-zxada, q. d. broken Lance; which was cccafioned hence, thar they were origi- nally disbanded Gendarmes, who for want of other Subfi- ftence fued for a Place of fome diflinction in the Infantry.

ANSWER. See Response, Responsal, Bill, Plead- ing, Replication, £yr.

ANTA, or Ante, in the ancient Architecture, afquarc Column, or Pilafter, placed at the Corners of the Walls of their Temples and other Edifices. See Pilaster Tem- ple, i$c.

The Ant£ flood out of the Wall, with a Projecture equal to one eighth of their Face, provided there were no Orna- ment that had a greater Projecture ; but it was a Rule that the Projeclureof x\\q Ant<e fhould always equal that of the Ornaments.

They took their Name, according to Mr. <Perrault, from the Prepofition Ante before ; becaufe placed before the Walls and Coins of Buildings to fecure 'em.

ANTAGONIST, an Adverfary 5 or a Party oppofite toanotherin any Combat or Difpute. See Adversary, &c. The Word is formed from the Greek x V tj, contra, againft, and a^ifiw, oppono, I oppofe.

Antagonist Mufcles, in Anatomy, are thofe which have oppofite Functions. SeeMusciE.

Such are the Flexor and Extenfor of any Limb, the one whereof contracts ir, and the other ftretches it out. See Flexor and Extensor.

We have fome folitary Mufcles, without any Antaecnifts 5 as thcHeart,^. See Heart, Wc.

ANTAN ACLASIS, a Figure inRhetorick;beinga repeti- tion of the fame Word, but in a different Signification. See Repetition.

The Word comes from the Greek avn, and dvaicKa.^ re- percntio, Iftrike again.

ANTANAGOGE, afntva^afyr, a Figure in Rhetoric when not being able to anfwer the Accufation of the Adver- fary, we return the Charge, by loading him with the fame Crimes. See Recrimination.

AKTARES, in Aftronomy, the Scorpion's Heart; a fix'd

Star of the firft Magnitude, in the Conftellation Scorpio

Its Longitude, Latitude, &c. fee among thereft of the Conftellation Scorpio.

ANTARCTIC, or Anta,RTic, $>ole t the Southern Pole, or End of the Earth's Axis 5 fo called becaufe itisop- pofite to the Arctic or North Pole. See Pole, South, Arctic, &c.

The Stars near the AntarBic Pole never appear above our Horizon. SeeSi-AR, Horizon, £?c.

The Word is compofed of avn contra, and ap>i^ t Uffa, bear.

ANTARCTIC, or Antartic Circle, is one of the

letter Circles of the Sphere, parallel to the Equator, a c

E e tne