Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/142

 ANI

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ANN

Orifices of the fecretory Dufts. For all Particles, whole Diameters are lefs than thofe ot the Ducts, will pals thro them ; fo that any Matter may be evacuated by any of the Glands, provided the Diameters ot its Particles bo made leffer than thofe of the fecretory Du3, either by a Commi- nution of the Matter to be feparated, or by an Enlarge- ment of the feparating Paflage. , • •_

( *.) By the different Angle, winch the fecrcrory Duct makes with the Trunk of the Artery. For all Fluids prefs the Sides of the containing Veffels in a Directum perpendi- cular to its Sides ; which is evident in the Puliation ot the Arteries, it being to that Preflure that the Puliation is owing It is likewife evident, that the Blood is urged for- warefby the Force of the Heart ; fo that the Motion of Secretion is compounded of both thele Motions. Now the lateral Preflure is greater when the direct Velocity is fo ; but yet not in proportion to fuch Velocity : for the lateral Preflure is confiderable, even when the Fluid is at reft ; bein» then in proportion to the Specific* Gravity of the Fluid: And in a Fluid like the Blood in the Arteries whicii is thrown in a right Direction, or a Dircaion parallel to the Axis of the Veflel, the lateral Preflure will be in a Proportion compounded of both : From whence it will fol- low, that if two Particles of equal Diameters, but of une- qual Specifick Gravities, arrive, with the fame Velocity, at an Orifice capable of admitting them, yet they will not both enter it and pafs, becaufe their Motion ofDircflion will be different : So that the Divcrfity of the Angles which the Dufls make with the Trunk of the Artery, is altogether neceffary to account for all the potTtble Diverlities offecer- ned Fluids, even fuppofing their Diameters and Figures to be the fame.

(5.) By the different Velocities with which the Blood ar- rives at the Orifices of the fecretory Ducts. For fince

the Secretions are made in a fluid form; no poffible Reafon can be aflign'd, why fome Animals have a toft loofe Texture of the foiid Parts, and why one Part of the Bo- dv is of an eafily feparated Texture, and others of a fir- mer but this different Velocity of the Blood at the Orifi- ces df the fecretory Duds, whereby the Particles fecerned for Nourifhment, and Accretion, are drove or impacted in- to the Vacuola, that receive them with a greater or,lc!s Force ; it being difficult to imagine that fuch a Diverfity in Texture can altogether proceed from the different Solidities and Contacts of the conttituent Parts. See further wider the Article Secretion.

Animal Spirits, ires, fine fubtile Juice, or Humour in Animal Bodies ; f'uppofed to be the great Initrumcnt ot mufcular Motion, -Senfation, i$Q. See Muscular Mo- tion, Sensation, ££c.

The AntientsdiflinguifhedSpiritsinto three Kinds, viz. Animal, Vital, and Vegetative : but the Moderns have re- duced them to one forr, viz. Animal ; about the Nature of which, and the Matter whence they are formed, great difputes have arifen among the Anatomifts, tho' their very Exiftencc has never been fairly proved.

As it is hard to define what cou'd never yet be brought under the Judgment of our Senfes, all that we thai 1 here offer concerning them, is, that they mull needs be extreme- ly fubtile Bodies, which efcape all manner of Examination by the Senfes, tho ever fo well aflilted ; and pervade the Trafls of rhe Nerves, which yet have no difcoverable Ca- vity or Perforation; nor could ever by any Experiment be collected; yet are conftantly moving in vaft Quantities, as they mult of neceffity be, to perform all thofe mighty O- perations which areafcribed to them However, the An- tiquity of the Opinion claims fome Reverence.

By the Help of thefe we are furnifhed with a vaft Num- ber of precarious Solutions of great Phenomena ; and with- out them we mult leave a great Chafm in the philofophical Hiftory of Animal Bodies.

They are fuppofed to be feparated in the Brain, from the fubtileft Parts of the Blood ; and thence carried, by the Nerves, to all Parts of the Body, for the Performance of all animal and, vital Functions. SeeBaAiN and Nerve. See alfo further under the Article Spirit.

AKIMALCULE, Animalculum, is a Diminutive of Animal ; and exprefies fuch a minute Creature as is fcarce difcernible by the naked Eye. '

Such are thofe numerous Infects which croud the Water in the Summer Months ; changing it fometimes of a deep, or pale red, fometimes a yellow,, t>c. They teem to be ot the Shrimp kind, call'd by Swammer- dam, (Pulex Aquations arborefcens. The caufe of their Concourfeatthis time, Mr. Heiham obferves is to perform their Coit. He adds, that they afford a comfortable

Food to many Water Animals The green Scum on the

top of ftagnant Waters is nothing elfe but prodigious Numbers of another fmaller Order of Animalcules ; which in all probability ferve for Food to the "Pulices Aquatici.

The Microfcope difcovers Legions of Animalcules in molt Liquors, as Water, Wine, Brandy, Vinegar, Beer, Spittle,

Urine, Dew, e?c. In the Philofoph. Tranfait. we -have Obfervations cf the Animalcules in Rain- Water, in feveral Chalybeat Waters, Infufions of Pepper, Bay-berries, Oats Barly, Wheat, HSc. See Microscope.

The human Seed has been obferved by divers Authors to contain huge Numbers of Animalcules ; which gave oc- cation to the Sytteni of Generation ab Animakulo. Sec Seed and Generation.

ANIMATE, Animated, fomething endued with Life or a living Soul. See Life and Soul.

Thus, in Meehanicks, Animate "Power is ufed to denote a Man or Brute ; in cont'radiftinction to inanimate ones, as Springs, Weights, efc. See Power, ti?c.

Animated Mercury, among Chymifts, fignifies Quick- filver impregnated with fome fubtile and fpirituous Particles, fo as to render it capable of growing hot when mingled with Gold. Sec Mercury, Am algam A, &c.

Animated Needle, a Needle touch'dwith a Load fione. SeeNEEDi.E, Magnet, £^c.

ANIMATION, fignifies the informing of an animal Bo- dy with a Soul.

Thus the Fcetus in the Womb is faid to come to its Ani- mation, when it begins to act as a true Animal ; or after the Female that bears it is quick, as the common way of Expretflon is. See Foetus.

The common Opinion is, that this happens about 40 days after Conception. But Jer.Florentinus, in a Latin Trea- tife entitled, Homo Dubius, Jive de Saptifmo Abortivorum, fhov/sthis to be very precarious. See Conception, Abor- tion, &c.

ANISCALPTOR, in Anatomy, a Mufcle, otherwife called Latissimus iJorfl.

ANKER, a liquid Meafure, chiefly ufed at Amfterdam, &c. See Measure.

The Anker is the 4th part of the Acm, and contains two Stekans : each Stekan ccnfifts of fixteen Mingles ; the Mingle being equal to two "Paris Pints. See Pint,c£c.

ANKYLOSIS, a Difeafc in the Junctures of an human Body ; where the nervous Liquor that fliou'd lubricate the Bones, and make their Motions more eafy, growing too thick, clog up, and as it were, cement the Hones within one another. See Bone, Articulation, t£c.

The Word is derived from the Greek ifru>MSis, which comes from dfxvkn, a Hardnefs, or Callus in a Juncture.

ANNALS, Annales, an hiftorical Account of the Af- fairs ofa State, digefted in order of Years ; fee Year.

The difference between Annals and Hiftory is varioulty afligned by various Authors — Some fay that Hiftory is pro- perly a Recital of Things which the Author has feen,or been a by.ttander to. What they build upon, is, the Etymology of the Word; Hiftory in the Greek, fignifying the Know- ledge m'Things prefent, and in effect, tro^etv, properly fig- nifies to fie. On the contrary, Annals, fay they, relate to the Tranfactions of others, and fuch as the Writer never faw. See History.

Of this Opinion, the great Annalift, "tacitus himfelf, fecms to have been ; in regard, the firft Part of his Work, which treats of former Times, he calls Annals; whereas when he comes down to his own Times, he changes his Title, and calls it Hiftory,

Aldus Gellius is of a different Sentiment, and pretends that Hiftory and Annals only differ from one another as the Genus does from the Species ; that Hiftory is the Genus, and implies a Narration or Recital of Things pafs'd ; and that Annals are the Species, and are alfo a Recital of Things pafs'd, but with this difference, that thefe laft are digefted into certain Periods, or Years.

The fame Author gives us another Opinion, which he fays he borrows from Sempronius Afellio : According to that Writer, Annals are a bare Relation of what pafles each Year; whereas Hiftory relates not only the Tranfactions tlaemfelves, but alfo the Caufes, Motives, and Springs thereof. The Annalijl has nothing to do but to lay down his Fafls, but the Hiitorian reafons and defcants on them.

Of this laft Opinion feems Cicero to be, when fpeaking of Annalifts, he fays, Unam dicendi laudemputanteffebre- vitatem, non Exornatorcs rerum,fed tantmn Narrators*. He adds, that Hiftory, in its Original, was a Compofitioa of Annals.

The fame Cicero relates the Origin of Annals : To pre- ferve the Memory of Tranfactions, the "Pontifex Maxirnui, fays he, wrote what pafs'd each Year; and expofed it on a Table, in his own Houfe, where every one was at liberty

to read them .Thefe they call'd Annates Maximi > a 1 ""

the Cuftom was kept up till the Year of Rome 610. Se s Fasti.

Several other Writers, in imitation hereof, took to this fimple, and naked Way of relating Facts ; and were hence

denominated Annalifts Such were Cato, 'PiClor, V'f'i

Antipater, Sic.

ANNA-