Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/133

 ANA

(85)

A N*A

Such is the Word Legerent.

The Word is derived From e£ve&reua} } contra ferire ; this Verfe being the Reverfe of the Dactyl. See Dactyl.

Anapeftkk Verfes, i. e. Verfes wholly compofed of fuch Feet, were much in vogue among the Antients.

ANAPHORA, in Rhetorick, a Figure whereby the fame Sound is repeated in the Beginning of feveral Sentences, or Verfes. See Figure.

The Word is Greek, dpztpo^, fignifying Relation, or Re- petition.

ANAPLEROTICKS, in Medicine, fuch Remedies as incarnate, and fill up Ulcers and Wounds with new Flefh. See Wound, and Ulcer.

Anapleroticks are the fame with what we otherwife call Jncamatives. See Incarnative,

The Word comes from the Greek aVaT^.n^jV, to fill up.

ANARCHY, the want of Government in a Nation, where no fupreme Authority is lodged, either in the Prince or other Rulers j but the People live at large, and all things are in conrufion. See Government.

The Word is derived from the Greek Privative a, and
 * ?;<«, Command, Principality.

ANASARCA, in Medicine, a fort of univerfal Dropfy, wherein the whole Subftance of the Body is Huffed, or bloat- ed with pituirous Humours. See Dropsy.

The Anasarca is otherwife called Lcticophlegmatia. Sec Leucophlegmatia.

The Word is form'd of the Greek t£m<T«.fAa, — The Ana- sarca is a further degree of a Cachexia. See Cachexy.

In an Anafarca, the Legs fwell at ths beginning, efpe- daily towards Night, and then pit remarkably : The U- rine is pale, the Appetite decays ; at length the Swelling rifes higher, and appears in the Thighs, Belly, Breaft,Arms. The Face becomes pale and cadaverous; the Flefh foftand lax 5 a difficulty in Refpiration comes on, attended with a flow Fever, lye.

ANASTOMASIS, or Anastomosis, in Anatomy, is fometimes ufed to exprefs fuch an Aperture of the Mouths of the Veflels, as lets out their Contents. • See Vessel, &c.

The Word is form'd of the Greek *>«, per, thro', and rofta, Os, Mouth.

Anastomasis is more frequently ufed to denote the open- ing of two VefTels into one another ; or the Union and Juncture of the Mouths of two Vefieis, whereby they come to communicate with one another.

Thqreare various Auafiomafes of this kind, e.g. of an Ar- tery with an Artery, a Vein with a Vein, or a Vein with an Artery. See Artery, and Vein.

The Circulation of the Blood in the Fcetus is effected by means of the Anafinmafes, or Inofculations of the Vena Ca- va with the Pulmonary Vein ; and of the Pulmonary Artery with the Aorta. See Foetus.

The fame Circulation is alfo perform'd in Adults, by the Anajlomafes ot Continuations of the Capillary Arteries with the Veins. See Circulation of the Shod.

After the Circulation of the Blood thro' the Heart, Lungs, and large Blood-Vcffels, was demonftrated by Har- 'vey ; it was only guefs'd how the Extremities of the Ar- teries tranfmitted the Blood to the Veins: till Zeewcnboeck\ Microfcopes had difcover'd the Continuations of the Extremi- ties of thofe VefTels, in Fi/h, Frogs, £S?c.~ However, there were not wanting thofe who doubted of the like Continuations of the Extremities of the Arteries and Veins in human Bo- dies and Quadrupeds ; fincc thofe Animals it had hitherto been chiefly feen in fatisfactorily, were either fuch Fifh, or amphibious Kinds, as have but one Ventricle in their Hearts, and their Blood actually cold ; befide that their Blood does not circulate with fuch Rapidity, as in Animals whofe Hearts have two Ventricles. This difference in the principal Organs of Circulation, moved Mr. Compter to make Experiments on Animals, whofe Organs differ only from the Human in their grofs Figure, and not in their intimate Structure.— The Refult was a plain Difcovery of the like Inofculations of the Arteries and Veins, in the Omentum ot" a Cat.

George Frederick Francus, of Frankcnau, a Phyfician of Copenhagen, publi/hed, in the Year 1705, a learned and co- pious Work, intitled, Anaflomafis ReteBa.

ANASTOMATICS, or Anastomatic Medicines, are fuch as have the Faculty of opening, and dilating the Ori- fices of the Veffels ; and by that means of making the Blood circulate the more freely.

The Word comes from the Greek 'Apa^'aa, 1 open, zmftop.

ANATHEMA, an Excommunication, attended with Execrations and Curfes. See Excommunication.

There are two Kinds of Anaihematsz, the one 7udiciar\\ the other Ab]uratory.

The former can only be pronounced by a Council, a Pope, Bilhop, or other qualified Perfon ; and differs from a Am- ple Excommunication in this, that an Excommunication only prohibits the Criminal from entering within the Church or trom holding Communion with the Faithful 5 whereas

an Anathema cuts him off from the Body', the Society, and even the Commerce of the Faithful, and delivers him over to the Devil.

The latter kind of Anathema ufually makes a Part of the Ceremony of Abjuration 5 the Convert being obliged to anathematize the Herefy he abjures. See Abjuration.

Moft Greek Writers diltinguifh Anathema, written with a long e, 'Avct&iua 5 from Anathema with a fhort e, 'Ava$s(j.a ; Yet $eza rejefls the Difference. — 'Pollux, in his Lexicon, obferves that the Word properly fignifies, Gifts dedicated to the Gods : This Interpretation is confirm'd by Hefychius, who explains Anathema by Ornaments ; thefe Gifts being hung up as Ornaments in the Temples.

The Criticks and Commentators arc divided about the manner wherein St. 'Paul wifh.es to be Anathema for his Brethren, Romans, Cap. IX. 3. Some render it by accurfed for, others by feparated from, &c.

ANATOCISM, Anatocismus, an Ufurious Contract, wherein the Intcrefts arifing from the principal Sum, are added to the Principal it felf, and Intereit exacted, upon tha Whole.

Anatocifm is what we popularly call Intereft upon lnte~ reft, or Compound Interest. See Interest.

This is the worfl Kind of Ufury, and has been feverely condemn'd by the Roman Law, as well as the Common Laws of molt other Countries. See "Usury.

The Word is originally Greek, but is ufed by Cicero in Latin ; whence it ha; defcended into moft other Languages. It comes from the Prepofition Mint, which in Composition fig- nifies Repetition or -Duplication, and toko?, Ufury.

ANATOMY, the Art of diffeSing, or artificially taking to pieces, the folid Parts of Animal Bodies ; in order to an exact Difcovery of their Structure and Oeconomy. See A- nimal, Body, Dissection, and Oeconomy.

Anctcmy makes a great Branch of that Divifion of J^Ie- dicinc called -Phyfiobgy. See Medicine, and Physiology. It is fometimes divided, with regard to its End, into Spe- culative and Practical - 7 a Divifion of very little ufe and mo- ment. — It is alfo divided, with regard to its Subject, into Human and Comparative.

Human, which is abfolutely and properly denominated Anatomy, is that employ'd on the human Body 5 called alfo Anthropology. See Anthropology.

Comparative Anatomy, is that which confiders Brutes, and other Animals, and even Vegetables ; chiefly with a View to illuftrate the human Structure. See Comparative Anatomy.

The Subject of Anatomy, viz. the Body, is varioufly di- vided into Parts, Organical, and Inorganical ; Similar, and 1)ijjimilar ; Spermatick, Sec. See Part. — See alfo Simi- lar, Organical, ££?c.

Its more obvious Divifion, is into Solids and Fluids, or Containing and Contained Parts. See Solid, and Fluid.

Under the Solids come the Bones, Mufcles, Nerves, Ar- teries, Veins, Cartilages, Ligaments, Memhranes, &c.'.

Under the Fluids, come Chyle, "Blood, Milk, Fat, Lymph, &c fee each under its proper Article, Bone, Muscle, Nerve, Artery, Vein, Cartilage, Membrane, OSic. See alfo Chyle, Blood, Milk, Fat, \£c.

The antient Writers of Anatomy, Hippocrates, Tlemocri- tus, Arijlotle, Galen, and others, look'd upon this as the moft important Part of Phyfick, and that, without which the Ufes of the Parts of an human Fabrick, and conlequently the Caufcs of Difeafes incident thereto, could no way be difcovered. And yet this Art, ufeful as it is, was entirely difcontinued fcr feveral Ages j till in the XVIth Century it began to nourish afre/h. — The Diffection of an human Bo- dy was look'd upon as Sacrilege before that time ; and we have feen a Confultation which the Emperor Charles V. ap- pointed to be held by the Divines of Salamanca, in order to be fatisfied, whether or no it were lawful, in point of Con-

fcience, to difle£t a dead Carcafe. We may add, that

to this Day the ufe of Anatomy and Skeletons, is forbid in Mufcovy ; the firft as inhuman, the latter as fubfervient to Witchcraft : And Olearius affuresus, that one §>uirin, a Ger- man Chirurgeon, being found with a Skeleton, hardly efcap'd with Life 5 and the Skeleton, after being folemnly dragg'd about the Streets, was burnt. Boyle's Ufefulnefs ofPhilof. Vefalius, a. Flem/Jb Phyfician, who died in 1564, was the firft who fet Anatomy on any tolerable footing. He was fe- conded by Carpus, Sylvius, Fernelius, Fallopius, Euflatbius, Fabricius, 'Parens, Baubinus, .Hoffman, Riolanus, &c.

Thefe were fucceeded by others, to whom feme of the fineft Difcoveries in Anatomy are owing.— Jfellitts, in the Year 1^22, difcovered the Lafteal Veins ; and in 11J2S, the immortal Harvey publifh'd his admirable Difcovery of the Circulation of the Blood. See Lacteal, and' Circula- tion. Pecquet difcovered the Refervoir ot the Chyle,

and the Thoracick Duft, in 1651. See R.eceptaculum

Cbyli, and Thoracick <Du8. Rudbecks, a Swede, and

Bartholine, a 1)ane, found out the Lymphatick Vef&k, in

kTso, and 1651. See Lymphatick.- Wharton, in 1^55,

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