Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/1043

 HYP

which fubtends, or is opposite to, the fight Angle. See

TftlANGLE.

Thus, in the Triangle KM L, (Tab. Geometry, Fig. 71.) the Side ML, oppofite to the right Angle K, is call'd the Hypothenufe.

'Tis a celebrated Problem in Geometry, that in every rectilinear right-angled Triangle, as K.ML5 the Square of the Hypothenufe M L, is equal to the Squares of both the other Sides, KL and KM. — This is particularly call'd the 'Pythagorean Problem, from its Inventor 'Pythagoras, who is laid to have facrifie'd a Hecatomb to the Mules, in Grati- tude for their afltfting him therein. See Problem, &c.

The Word is Greek, vTnT&vtsra,, fubtendens, form'd of tiTeTHi'o, fubtendo, I fubtend.

HYPOTHESIS, in Logic, is a Proportion or Princi- ple which we luppoie, or take for granted, in order to draw Conclufions therefrom, for the Proof or a Point in Que- ftion. See Supposition and Principle.

In Deputation, they frequently make fa lie Hypothecs, in or- der to draw their Antagonifts into Abfurdities; and even in Geometry, Truths are deducible from i'uch falje Hypothecs. ■ — Thus, If the Sky mould fall, we fhould catch Larks; Trie Conlequence is good, tho' drawn from a falle Hypothefis.

The Word is Greek, vTriSnets, form'd of J^J, fub, under, and Sitris, fojitio; ol vStofti, pom, I pur.

Evtry Conditional or Hypothetical Vropofition, may be diflinguifh'd into Hypothecs and Thelis; The firft rehearies the Conditions under which any Thing is affirm'd or de~ ny*d 5 and the latter is the Thing itielf affirm'd or de- ny'd. See Hypothetical.

Thus, in the Proposition, a Triangle is half of a Paralle- logram, if the Bales and Altitudes of the two be equal; The latter Part is the Hypothefis, if the Bafes, &c. and the former the Thelis, a Triangle is half a Parallelogram. See Thesis.

In flricl Logic, we are never to pals from the Hypothefis to the Thelis - that is, the Principle fuppos'd muft be prov'd to be true, e'er we require the Conlequence to be allow'd.

Hypothesis, in Fhyficks, &c. is a kind of Syltem, laid down from our own Imagination, whereby to account for lome Phenomenon or Appearance of Nature. — Thus we have Hypothefes to account for the Tides, for Gravity, for Magnet- ifra, for the 'Deluge, &c. See Tides, Gravity, Mag- netism, Deluge, &c.

The real and fcientific Caufes of natural Things gene- rally lie very deep; OMervation and Experiment, the proper Means of arriving at them, are in moll Cafes ex- tremely flow; and the human Mind impatient: Hence we arc frequently driven to feign or invent lbmething which may feem like the Caufe, and which is calculated to anfwer the feveral Phenomena; fo that it may poffibly be the true Caufe.

Philqfophers are divided as to the Ufe of fuch Fictions or Hypothefes-, which are much lefs current now than formerly. — The lateft and beft Writers are for excluding Hypothefes, and Handing wholly on Obfervatton and Experiment. See Experimental Philofophy. _ ■

Whatever is not dedue'd from Phenomena, fays Sir If. tfe-wtm, is an Hypothefis 5 and Hypothefes, whether Meta- physeal, or Phyfical, or Mechanical, or of occult Qualities, have no Place in Experimental Philofophy. Phil. Nat. prin. Math, in Calce.

The Cartefians take upon them to fuppofe what Affections in the primary Particles of Matter they pleafe 5 juft what Figures, what Magnitudes, what Motions, and what Situa- tions they find for their Purpofe. — They alfo feign certain unfeen, unknown Fluids, and endue them with the mod arbitrary Properties; give them a Subtility which enables them to pervade the Pores of all Bodies, and make them agitated with the mod unaccountable Motions. But is not this to fet afide the real Conftitution of Things, and to fubftitute Dreams in their Place! Truth is fcarce attainable even by the fureft Obfervations; and will fanciful Con- jectures ever come at it? They who found their Speculati- ons on Hypothefis; even tho' they argue from them regular- ly according to the ftricteft Laws of Mechanicks, may be only a Fable. Cotes in prof at. ad Ne-wton._ Princip.
 * aid to compofe an elegant and artful Fable; but 'tis ftiil

Hypothesis is particularly apply'd, in Altronomy, to the feveral Syftems of the Heavens : Or the divers Manners wherein different Aftronomers have fuppos'd the heavenly Bodies to be rana'd, mov'd, &c. See System.

The principal Hypothefes, are the Ptolomaic, Copernican, indiychomc. See Ptolomaic, Copernican, Tycho-

Ric, &c. „ . . _ „

The Copemican is now become fo current, and is lo well warranted by Obfervation; that the Retainers thereto, hold it injurious to call it an Hypothefis.

HYPOTHETICAL Proportion, is a Combination of two Categoricil Propositions, the latter whereof follows from the former, which is diftingu'ifh'd by the Particle if. Sec Proposition-

t

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H Y S

If he be a Man, he is an Animal : If the Turk fleep, the Cock crows : If you repent, you Ihaft be forgiven. See Conditional.

HYPOTRACHELION, in Medicine, is the lower Part

of the Neck. See Neck.

It is thus call'd from fah, fub-, under, and 7^;$*®-, Col- lum r Neck.

]n Architecture, Hypotrachelim is ufed for a little Freeze in the Tufcan and Doric Capital, between the Aflragal and Annulets 5 call'd alio Colarin, Gorgerin, &c. See Col a r in, &c.

It is alio apply'd by fome Authors in a more general Senfe, for the Neck of any Column 3 or that Part of the Capital thereof below the Aftragal. See Column and Astragal.

HYPOT¥POSIS,in Rhetoric, a Figure whereby aTnmg is 16 livelily delcrib'd or painted, that it does not feem to be read or heard, but actually leen, or prelented before the Eyes. See Description.

Such is that elegant one of Cicero, wherein he paints the Barbarity of Verves : Ipfe Ivflammatus fee/ere & furore in forum venit. Ardebant Oculi; mo ex ore criidelitas emana. bat. Expetlabant omnes quo tandem prcgre (funis, ant quid nam afturus effet 5 cum repente Hcminem corripi, atque in foro medio midari ac deligari, ££? Virgas expedire jubet. Cla- rnahat ille miferfe Gvetn effe Romanum, Sic.

The Hyporypqfis is frequently ufed by the Poets, and par- ticularly Virgil, who abounds in Paintings.

The Word is Greek, btstobww, form'd of the Verb tWfos»5n5#, per figuram demonfro, I fhew, reprelent, or make any Thing be feen, of wVto, Verbero.

HYPOZOMA, in Anatomy, a Name given to fuch Mem- branes as feparate two Cavities. See Membrane.

In this Senfe, the Mediaftinum is a Hypo&oma.

HYPSILOGLOSSUS, in Anatomy. See Basioglos- sus.

HYPSILOIDES, in Anatomy. See Hyoides.

HYPS1STAR1I, Hypsistaiuans, a Sea of Hereticks in the IVth Century 5 thus call'd from the ProfeiTion they made of worfhipping the molt High God, in Greek ca'l'd -tv^r©-, Hypfiftos.

The Doctrine of the Hypfiftarians, was an AfTemblage of Paganifm, Judai fin, and Chriflianity. They ador'd the molt High God with the Christians 5 but they alfo rever'd Fire and Lamps with the Heathens $ and cbferv'd the Sab- bath, and the Diltinclion of clean and unclean Things, with the Tews.

The Hypfifarii bore a near Relemblance to the Euphc- mites or Majfalians. See Massalian.

HYSSOP, Hvssopus, a medicinal Herb, of a deterging cleanfing Quality, and chiefly ufed in Difeafes of the Breait and Lungs. See Detergent.

It is a Handing Ingredient in pectoral Apozems. — There is alfo a Syrop, and a finiple diftUPd Water from it, us'd in the Shops. See Water, %§c.

It has alfo a Faculty to comfort and ftfengthen; and is prevalent againft Melancholy and Phlegm. — It is propo- gated only by Slips.

Its Tops and Flowers redue'd to Powder, are by fomc referv'd to ftrew upon the colder Sallad Herbs. See Sal- lad.

HYSSOPIC Art, a Name which Paracelfus gave to Chy- millry, confider'd as that Art purifies Metals, Minerals, £f?c. In Allufion to thatText in the Pl'alms, Purge me with Hyffop, and I Ihall be clean. See Chymistry.

HYSTERALGY, in Medicine, a Pain in the Matrix or Womb, occalion'd by an Inflammation, or other Diforder therein.

The Word is compounded of the Greek, uVegss, Matrix* Womb; and «Af©-, dolor, Pain.

HYSTERIC AffeBion or Pa(fion, a Difeafe in Women, call'd alfo Suffocation of the Womb, and Fits of the Mo- ther.

Hyfter'16 Affe&oa is generally ufed by Authors promifcu- oully with Hypocondriac Affeclion; the two Difeafes being fuppos'd to be, in reality, the lame. -- They only differ in Point of Relations and Circumftance.

The Hyjferic is properly a Species or Branch of the Hy- pocondriac, peculiar to Women, and fuppos'd to arife from fome Diforder of the Womb. See Hypocondriac Af- fection.

One of the Symptoms or Effects of Hypocondriac Dif- eafes is Convulsions, and Fits not unlike thofe of the Epi- lepfy; thefe we call Hyfleric Fits $ and the Dileafe that produces them, the Hyjleric Affection. Sydenham.

The Name Hyfleric is form'd of the Greek, tre^. Uterus, Womb j the Patient frequently fancying a Ball rolling in the Abdomen, and (bmetimes rifing to the Throat, which fome weakly enough have-attributed to an Elevation of the Womb.

It is particularly denominated Hyfleric Suffocation, from one of its principal Symptoms, which is a Contraction of the Brcaft, and a Difficulty of Breathing.


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