Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/1042

 HYP

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HYP

HYPOGjEUM, in the ancient Architecture, a Name common to all the Parrs of a Building that are under Ground ; as the Cellars, Butteries, and the like Places.

The Word is form'd of the Greek vtiu, under, and yaia,, Terra, Earth.

Hypockum, uTJv'jeLw, in Aftrology, is a Place under Ground, otherwiie call'd the Imum Cceli.

HYPOGASTRIC Region. See Hypogastrium.

Hypogastric Artery, is an Artery arifing from the Iliaca Interna, and distributed to the Bladder, the Reclum, and the Genital Parts, particularly in Women. See Ar- tery.

Hypogastric Vein arifes in the fame Parts, and dif- charges itfelf into the Iliaca Interna. See Vein.

HYPOGASTRIC, in Anatomy, the lower Part of the Belly, or lower Venter $ commencing from two or three Inches below the Navel, and extending to the Os Pubis. See Venter and Aeeomen.

The Word is Greek, form'd ofuTnj, fub, under, and y&wq, Venter, Bell v.

HYPOGLOSSIS, or HypocLottis, in Medicine, an Inflammation or Ulceration under the Tongue 3 call'd alio Ranula. See Ranula.

HYPOGLOTTIS, in Anatomy, is a Name given to two Glands of the Tongue. See Tongue.

There are four large Glands of the Tongue 5 two of them call'd Hyfcglottides, fituate under it, near the Venas Ranulares ; and two more on the two Sides of the Tongue. They all filtrate a kind of ierous Matter, of the Nature of Saliva, which they dilcharge into the Mouth by little Duels near the Gums.

The Word is Greek, compos'd of Cm* fub, under, and yharja.-, Lingua, Tongue.

HYPOMOCHLION, in Mechanicks, the Fulcrum of a Lever ; or the Point which iu trains its Preffure, when em- ploy *d either in railing or lowering Bodies. See Lever.

The Hypomochlim is frequently a Roller fet under the Lever; or under Stones, Pieces of Timber, &c. that they may be the more eafily lifted up or remov'd.

The Word is Greek, form'd of dm, fub, under, and (xayhU, Ve&is, Lever.

HYPOPYON, in Medicine, a Difeafe of the Eyes.— It confifls in a Collection of Pus, under or behind the Cornea ; which lometimes covers the whole Pupil, and obftructs the Light. See Eye.

Some will have it the fame with Unguis ; but the more accurate make a Difference. See Unguis.

The Hypopyon arifes from a Rupture of the Veffels in the Uvea; occaflon'd either by fome external Violence, or the Acrimony of the Blood therein.

'Tis very difficult of Cure. — The Suppuration is to be prevented by proper Cataplafms 5 or, if thefe have not ErYecf, is to be promoted. See Suppuration.

The Word is Greek, vm7ww ; form'd of Cm, fub, under, and 7tvov, Pas,

HYPORCHEMA, in the Greek Poetry, a Poem com- pos'd in divers Kinds of Verfes, and of different Lengths, They were always very fliort ; and full of Pyrrhic Feet.

HYPOSPAT1SMUS, in the ancient Chirurgery. M. 1)ionis takes it to have been an Operation pracfis'd among the Ancients, by making three Incifions in the Forehead, to the very Bone, about two Inches long 5 in order to cut or di- vide all the Veffels between thofe Incifions. The Defign of the Operation was to prevent Defluxions on the Eyes.

The Word comes from the Greek, um&mlSa[d^ form'd of Jttc, under, and CTmtrUm, Spatula 5 by realbn after the Incifions were made, they thruft a Spatula all along between the Pericranium and the Flefh.

HYPOSTASIS, a Greek Term, literally fignifying Sub- fiftence ; ufed in Theology for Perfon.

Thus we hold, that there is but one Nature in God, and three Hypoftafes. See Person. Trinity, g?c.

The Word Hypoftafis is Greek* u'wawf, Subfiftentia 5 compounded of c'-nu, fub, under, and 'imp*, or &&, fto,exifto,

I ftand, I exift.

The Term Hypoftafis is of a very ancient (landing in the Church. St. Cyril repeats it divers Times, as alio the Phrafe Union according to Hypoftafis. The firft. Time itoccurs in all Chriftian Antiquity, is in a Letter of that Father to Neftorius, where he ufes it inftead of w^opmv, the Word we com- monly render Perfon, which did not feem exprefiive enough. " The Philofophers, fays St. Cyril, have allow'd three Hy- u poftafes : They have extended the Divinity to three ffly- " poftafes ■ They have even fometimes ufed the Word Tri- tf nity : Aiid nothing was wanting but to have admitted the " Confubftantialitv of the three Hypoftafes, to mew the

II Unity of the divine Nature, exclusive of all Triplicity « in refpe6t of Diftincfion of Nature, and not to hold it " necefTary to conceive any refpe&ive Inferiority of Hv- « poftafes." 3 J

This Term occafion'd great DifTentions in the ancient

Church ; firft among the Greeks, and afterwards alio among the Latins,

In the Council of Nice, Hypoftafis was defln'd to de- note the fame with Ejfence or Subftance 5 fo that it was Herefy to fay that Jefus Chrift, was of a different Hypojiafis from the Father ; but Cuftom alter'd its Mean- ing. — In the Neceffity rhey were under of exprefling themfelves ftrongly againlt the Sabellians, the Greeks made Choice of the Word Hypcfiafis, and the Latins ofPerfona$ which Change prov'd the Occafion of endlefs Difagreement. Thofe who took the Word Hypoftafis in its ancient Signifi- cation, could not bear to hear of three Hypoftafes, which, according to them, were ib many divine EfTences or Sub- ftances. And yet they who ufed the Word in the new Senfe againlt. the Sabellians, all along declar'd, that they meant by it three Individuals, or three Subjecls which fub- fift alike, and not three different Effences or Subftances : So that in their Senfe, they admitted three Hypoftafes in one and the lame EfTence.

Others, by EfTence, underftood a common and indefinite Nature, as Humanity is to all Men in the general ; and by Hypojiafis, a tingle Nature, peculiar to each Individual, as each Man in particular is a Modification of the whole human Nature or EfTence — But this laft Signification, which fome attribute to St, 'Baftl, if apply 'd to the Deity, would im- ply Trirheifm : For if the three Perfbns in the Trinity be three Hypvftafes, juft as 'Peter, James, and John are, there are manifeftly three Gods.

Hypostasis, in Medicine, is the Sediment of the Urine, or that thick heavy Part of the Urine which fubfides and fettles at Bottom. See Seihment. See alfo Urine.

HYPOSTATIC A L, in Theology, is a Term ufed in fpeaking of the Myftery of the Incarnation.

The Hypofiatical Union, is the Union of the human Na- ture with the Divine, See Incarnation.

The Word was united hypofiatically to the human Nature in the Perfon of Jefus Chrilt.

Hypostatical Principles, among the Chymifls, and particularly Paracelfith, are the three Chymical Elements, Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury 5 call'd alfo the 1'ria prims. See Principle and Element.

HYPOTENAR, in Anatomy, the fecond Mufcle of the little Finger. See Muscle and Finger.

The Hypotenar arifes from the little Bone of the Carpus, fituate over the others, and is inferted externally into the firft Bone of the little Finger, which it ierves to with- draw from the reft.

The fixth and laft Mufcle of the Toes is alfo call'd Hy- potenar or Abdudor. See Abductor.

The Word is compounded of tfjrf, Jiib, and tenar, a Muf cle of the Thumb, See Tenar.

HYPOTHECA, in the Civil Law, an Obligation, where- by the EfFecls of a Debtor are made over to his Creditor,. to fecure his Debt : The fame with Mortgage in the Com- mon Law. See Mortgage,

As the Hypotheca is an Engagement procur'd on Purpofe for the Security of the Creditor, various Means have been made ufe of to fecure to him the Beiufit of the Convention. The Ufe of the Pawn or Pledge is the mo ft ancient ; which is almoft the fame Thing with the Hypotheca ; all the Dif- ference confiding in this, that the Pledge is put into the Creditor's Hands ; whereas, in a fimple Hypotheca, the Thing remain'd in the Poffelfion of the Debtor. It was found more cafy and commodious to engage an Eftate by a fimple Covenant, than by an actual Delivery : Accordingly the Expedient was firft praclis'd among the Greeks ; and from them the Romans borrow'd both the Name and the Thing; only the Greeks, the better to prevent Frauds, ufed to affix fome vifible Mark on the Thing, that the Publick might know it was morrgag'd by the Proprietor : But the Romans, looking on fuch Adverrifemcnts as injurious ro the Debtor, forbad the Ufe of them.

The Roman Lawyers diftinguifii'd four Kinds of Hypc- tfceca's : The Conventional, which was with the Will and Confent of both Parties; The Legal, which was ap- pointed by Law, and for that Realbn call'd Tacit : The c PrcCtor\ £ Pledge, when by the Flight or Non-appearing of the Debtor, the Creditor was put in PofTeffion of his Effects : And the Judiciary, when the Creditor was put in PofTeftion by Virtue of a Sentence of the Court.

The Conventional Hypotheca is fubdivided into general and fpecial. The Hypotheca is general \ when all the Deb- tor's Effects, both prefent and future, are engag'd to the Creditor, It is fpecial, when limited to one or more parti- cular Things.

For the tacit Hypotheca, the Civilians reckon no lefs than 26 different Species thereof.

The Word comes from the Greek, Jm>5«V«, a Thing fub- je&ro force Obligation; of the Verb UTivn&yMt, fupponor, I am fubjecled ; of 77-^r, pono, I put.

HYPQTHENUSE, r Hypotenuse, in Geometry, is the lengeft Side of a right-angled Triangle 5 or that Side

which