Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/1038

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HYP

jMctis'd in 'Portugal, and force other Countries, See Vir- ginity.

And yet Authors are not agreed as to the Existence of fuch Hymen. Nothing, Dr. 'Drake obferves, has em- ploy 'd the Curiofity of Anatomists, in diffecting the Organs of Generation in Women, more than this Part : They differ not only as to its Figure, Subftance, Place, Perforation, but even its Reality j fome pofitively affirming, and others flatly denying it.

De Graaf himfelf, the moil accurate Inquirer into the Structure of thefe Organs, confeffes, he always fought it in vain, tho' in the molt unfufpected Subjects and Ages : AH he cou'd find, was a different Degree of Streightnefs or Wide- nefs; and different Corrugations, which were greater or lefs according to the refpective Ages; the Aperture being flill the left, and the Rugofities the greater, as the Subject was younger, and more umouch'd.

Dr.' Drake, oh the other Hand, declares, that in all the Subjects he had had Opportunity to examine, he does not remember to have mifs'd the Hymen fo much as once, where he had reafon to depend on finding it. The faireft View he ever had of it, was in a Maid who dy'd at 30 Years of Age : In this, he found it a Membrane of tome Strength furnifh'd with flefhy Fibres, in Figure round, and perforated in the Middle with a fmall Hole capable of admitting the End of a Woman's little Finger, fituate a little above the Orifice of the urinary Paffage, at the Entrance of the Vagina of the Womb.

In Infants, it is a fine thin Membrane, not very confpicu- ous, becaufe of the natutal Streightnefs of the Paffage it- fclf, which does not admit of any great Expanfion in fo little a Room; which might lead lie Graaf into a Notion of its being no more than a Corrugation.

This Membrane, like moil others, does probably grow more diftinct, as well as firm, by Age. That it is fometimes very strong and impervious, may be collected from the Hiftory of a Cafe reported by Mr. Confer : In a marry 'd Woman, 20 Years of Age, the Hymen was found altogether impervious, fo as to detain the Mcnfes, and to be driven out by the Pref- fure thereof, beyond the Labia of the Pudendum, not unlike a Prolapfus of the Uterus. On dividing it, at leaft a Gailon of grumous Blood came forth. It feems the Husband, being deny'd a Paffage that Way, had found another thro* the Mea- tus Urinarius, which was found very open, and its Sides ex- truded like the Anus of a Cock. See Meatus.

Upon a Rupture of the Hymen, its Parts Ihrinking up, are fuppos'd to form thofe little flefhy Knots, call'd Carun- cula Myrtifomes. See Myrtiformes Caruaculie.

Hymen is alfo us'd by Botanifts for a fine delicate Skin, wherewith Flowers arc inclos'd while in the Bud, and which burfts as the Flower blows or opens. See Bud.

The Hymen is particularly us'd in fpeaking of Roles.

HYMN, a Song or Ode in Honour of God 5 or, a Poem proper to be fung, compos'd in Honour of fome Deity. See Song and Ode.

The Hymns or Odes of the Ancients generally consisted of three Stanzas or Couplets; the firft call'd Strophe j the fe- cond, Antifirofbe; and the Ml Bpode. See Strophe, An- tistrophe, and Epode.

The Word is form'd of the Greek, Opt©-, Hymn, of the Verb vA, celebro, I celebrate. — Ifi.4ore, on this Word, re- marks, that Hymn is properly a Song of Joy, full of the Praifes of God 5 by which, according to him, it is diftin- guifh'd from ybrcna, which is a mourning Song, full of Lamentation. SccThrena.

St. Hilary, Biflrop of ToitTters, is faid to have been the firft that compos'd Hymns to be fung in Churches : He was follow'd by St. Ambrofe. Moft of thofe in the Roman Bre- viary were compos'd by Trvdentius. They have been rranf- lated into French Verfe by the Mcffieurs de Tort Royal. See Psalm.

The 7i Deum is alfo commonly call'd a Hymn, tho' it be not in Verfe 5 fo is the Gloria in excelfis. See Te Deum and Gloria in excelfis.

In the Greek Liturgy, there are four Kinds of Hymns; but then the Word is not taken in the Senfe of a Praife offer' d In Verfe, but fimply of Laud or Praife. — The Angelic Hymn, or Gloria in excelfis, makes the firft Kind; theTrifagion the lecond 5 the Cherubic Hymn the third 5 and the Hymn of Victory and Triumph, call'd ssin'ju©-, the laft. See Tri-

SACIOM.

HYOIDES, in Anatomy.— The Os Hyaides, call'd alfo %icome,is a Bone fituate at the Root of the Tongue, making, as it were, the Bafis or Foundation thereof. See Tongue.

It is thus call'd from irs imperfect Refemblance of the Greek Upfilon v; the Word being form'd of v and e.M, Form; for which Reafon it is alfo call'd Tpfiloides and Hyffiloides.

It generally confilts, in Adults, of three little Bones 5 and in Children of five or fix. The middle Bone of the three, which is the shortest and broadeft, is call'd the Safis, and the two Side Bones Corntta or Horns 5 whence alfo the Ap- pellations Skorne and Ceratoides.

The Bafts of the Hyoides is about a Thumb's Breadth long on the outer Side, which is convex; the inner being concave. It is half a Finger broad, and has a fmall Protu- berance in the Middle. The Cornua are an Inch and half long, and broader at Bottom than at the Extremes, which are about two Inches afunder.

It has two cartilaginous Processes, call'd Conicula, fMcn'd about the Juncture of its Cornja with the Bafis. They are ty'd to the Proceffus Styloides by long {lender Ligaments 5 tho' fometimes between them and the Styloides there is found a fmall Mufcle, befide the StyleceratoHoideus.

The Bafis of this Bone lies, as it wetc, on the Head of the Larynx; and its Horns are faftcn'd by Ligaments to the upper Proceffes of the Cartilage Scutiformis, and Styloides. See Larynx, Scutiformis, &c.

It is mov'd by five Pair of Mufcles, viz. the Stentobyoide- am, the Coracohyoides, the Mylohyoideum, Geniohyoideum, and Stylohyoideum. See each under its proper Article Ster- nohyoideum, Coracohyoides, £•?£.

HYOTHYROIDES, in Anatomy, a Pair of Mufcles of the Larynx. See Larynx.

They rife from the anterior Part of the Os Hyoides, and are inferred into the Cartilago Thyroides. —They ferve as Antagonists to the Sternothyroides; and lift up the Thyroid Cartilage.

The Word is compounded of Hyoides and Ikyroides. See Thyroides, s£c.

HYPALLAGE, or Immutation, a Grammatical Figure, whereby, of different Exprcffions which give the fame Idea, we make Choice of that which is leaft us'd; or, when there is a mutual Permutation or Change of Cafes, Moods, Regimens,' &c. See Figure.

As, in this Inftance, Dare Claffibus AuliroS, inftead of Dare ClaJJes Attftris.

The Word is Greek, vva.>Ait<y$, form'd of i/otmottw, I change; compos'd of \nm and oaa*tot, I change; of «AA©- alter, another.

HYPAPANTE, or Hyp ante, a Name which the Greeks give to thcFeaft of the Purification of the Holy Virgin; or the Prefentation of Jefus in the Temple. See Purification.

The Word literally expreffes meeting; by reafon of the Meeting of old Simeon and Anna the Prophetefs in the Temple, at the Time the Child Jefus was brought thither.

The Words Hypante and Hypapante are Greek, u'otV7» and v-m-miv]v, which properly fignify humble and lowly Meeting 5 being compounded of fas, under, beneath, and xima, I meet, of«n), contra, againft.

HYPER, a Greek Word, us'd in the Compofition of di- vers Terms deriv'd from that Language.

The Greek Prepofition, ifsrtft hyper, literally fignifies above, beyond; and, in Com} ofition, expreffes fome Excels, or fomething beyond the Signification of the fimple Word it is join'd with. — Hence,

HYPERBATON, in Grammar and Rhetoric, a Traivf- poiition; or, a figurative Construction, inverting the natural and proper Order'of the Terms of a Difcourfe. See Trans- position.

The Hyperbaton, Longkms obferves, is no other than a Tranfpofal of Sentiments or Words out of the natural Order and Method of Difcourfe; and always implies great Violence or Strength of Paflion, which narurallv hurries a Man out of himfelf, and diffracts him varioufly.'— Thtlcy- aides is moft liberal in Hyperbatons.

giiintihan calls the Hyperbaton, Verbi tranfgreffio. — It is of ufe to enliven and animate the Difcourfe : It is very proper to exprefs a violent Paflion, and reprefent an Agitation of Mind in the livelieft Manner.

The Word is deriv'd of the Greek, im&aXvK, tranjgredior, I go beyond; form'd of u'mp, ultra, beyond, and $aitv,eo, I go.

HYPERBOLA, in Geometry, one of the Curve Lines, form'd by the Section of a Cone. See Conic StSicn.

The Hyperbola arifes when rhe Plane that cuts the Cone is not parallel to one of its Sides, as it is in the <Parabola; but diverges from it outwards, not inward, as in the Eltipfis. See Parabola and Ellipsis.

Thus : If the Cor.e ABC (Tab. Conicks, Fig. 27.) be fo cut, as that the Axis of the Section DQ continu'd, concur with the Side of the Cone AC, continu'd to E; the Curve arising from this Section is an Hyperbola. See Cone.

Some Authors define the Hyperbola to be a Section of the Cone, by a Plane parallel to its Axis. But this Definition is faulty; For tho' it be true that fuch a Section really de- fcribes a Hyperbola; yet it is likewife true, that a thoufand others may be defcrib d where the Plane is not parallel to the Axis, and which of Confequence are not included in the Definition.

Authors fometimes call the Plane terminated by this Curve, by Hyperbola; and in refpect hereof, call the Curve itfelf the Hyperbolic Line.

A Hyi'erbcla may be defin'd, with refpect to its Properties, to be a Curve Line, wherein the Square of the Semi-ordinate is to the Rectangle of the Abfcifs into a right Line com- pounded