Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/1023

 HUN

! Thefe three Humour* have each their Share in the Re- fraclion of the Rays of Light neceffary to Virion. See Vi- sion and Refraction.

Authors, both ancient and modern, {peak of the Rege- neration of the Humours of the Eye 5 and give us Inftances of their Reproduction, when by any Accident they had been let out. But their Inftances generally go no farther than to the Aqueous and Vitrious Humours.

Sirfafa only, in a Letter to "Barthelinc, fays as much of the Cryftalline. — He affirms, that he has flit the Pupil of the Eye of divers Animals, and fqueez'd out all the Hu~ mourSj even the Cryitalline, and has again perfectly reflor'd them to Sight ; and that the Eyes of the Birds, whereon the Operation had been perform'd, inllead of being damag'd thereby, were render'd more lively and vigorous than ufual. He adds, that he had perform'd the fame Experiment on divers Perfbns, with fo much Succefs, that there remain 1 d not the fmalleft Appearance of a Cicatrix in the Eye.

Humour is alio us'd in Dramatic Poetry, for a fubordinate or weaker 'Species of what the Criticks call Manners. See Manners.

Humour is ufually Iook'd on as peculiar to the Bnglijh Drama; at leaft, our Comic Poets have excelled therein, and earry'd it beyond thofe of any other Nation : Ours is perhaps the only Language that has a Name for it;

Humour is ufually confider'd by our Criticks, as a fainter or weaker Paflion peculiar to Comic Characters, as being found in Perfbns of a lower Degree than thofe proper for "tragedy. See Character and Tragedy.

Every PafTron may be faid to have two different Faces, one that is ferious, great, formidable, and folemn, which is for Tragedy 5 and another that is low, ridiculous, and fit for Comedy ; which laft is what we call Humour. See Passion and Comedy.

Wit only becomes few Characters: ] Tis a Breach of Cha- racter to make one half the Perfons in a Modern, or, indeed, in any Comedy, talk wittily and finely; at leaft at all Times and on alt Qccafions,-— To entertain the Audience; therefore, and keep the Dramatic Perfons from going into the common beaten familiar Ways and Forms of {peaking and thinking, recourfe is to be had to fomething to hold the Place of Wit, that fhall ferve in. lieu thereof, and divert the A-udience, without going out of Character: And this does Humour ; which therefore is to be Iook'd on as the true Wit of Comedy.

..A very great Judge, the Duke of Buckingham, makes Humour to be all ; Wit, according to him, fhould never be us'd, but to add an Agreeablenefs to fame proper and juft Sentiment, which, without feme fitch Turn, might pafs without its Effect. See Wit.

HUNDRED, Centum, Cent, .the Number of ten Times ten ; or the Square of ten. See Number.

The Place of Hundreds makes the third in Order in the Arabic Numeration. , See Numeration.

We ufually exprefs the Quantity or Proportion, of the Profits made 'in the Way of Commerce, &c. by the Hundred. — They ask two and a half per Cent, or in the Hundred, for remitting Money to fuch a City. The legal Intcrcft of Mo- ney is iftr Cent, or in tho-Hundred. See Exchange, Re- mittance, Interest, ££?c.

Hundred, is alfo us'd as a Mcafure to exprefs a certain Quantity or Number of Things. — A Bmred of Salt at Jmflerd'am is r4 Tons. ; _.

Deal Boards are fix Score to the Hundred, call d the long Hundred. — Pales and Laths are five Score to the Hundred, if five Foot long, and fix Score of three Foot long.

Hundred Weigbt,or the great Hundred. See Quintal.

Hundred, Hundredum, Centuria, is alfo a Part or Divifion of a Shire or County. See Shire and County.

It wasfo call'd, cither becaufe of old each Hundred found ico Fidejuflbrs or Sureties of the King's Peace, or 100 able Men for his War. See Decenn a, Fran ^pledge, &c.

Others rather think it fo eall'd, becaufe originally com- posed of an kindred Families. - 'Tis true Srompontdhus, that an Hundrei contains centum Villas •■> and GiralduS Cambrenfis writes, that the Ijle of Man hath 343 Villas : But in thefe Places the Word Villa muft be taken for a Country Family ; for it cannot mean a Village, becaufe there are not above 40 Villages in that Ifland. See Village.

So where Lambard tells us that an Hundred is fo catld,

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mj ' Hundreds were firft ordain'd by King Alfred, the 29th Kins of the Weft Saxons : Alfredtis Rex (fays Lambard, vcrbo centuria) uti cum Gutlmmo Dano fietoi inter at, fru- dentiffimum dim a Jethrone Moifi datum Cecums _ corflium, A-Jiam, primus in Satrapias, Centurias, ££ dec un as par mm efi ~ Satrapimn, Shyre, d Scyrian (quod fartinjgmfi- cat) nomwavit, Centuriam, Hundred ; &®ewtam 1 Tootbwg fwe Tienmamale, i. e. "Decemvir ale Collegium, appellant ; trque iifdem nominibus vel hodie vcc&ntur, &c.

. This dividing of Counties into Hundreds, for the better Government, King Alfred borrow'd from Germany 5 whet« Cent a or Centina is a Jurifdiclion over ice Towns. " '

This is the Original of Hundreds, which frill retain the Name j but their jurifdiclion is devolv'd to the County- Court, fome few excepted, which have been by Privilege annex'd to the Crown, or granted to fome great Subject, and- fo remain ft ill in the Nature of a Franthife, See Court.

This has been ever fince the Stat. 14 JSi'iv. III. whereby thefe Hundred Courts, formerly farm'tl out by the. Sheriff to other Men, were all, or moff. Part, redue'd to the County Court, and fo remain at prefent : So that where we read now of Hundred Courts, they arc to be undcrffood of feveral Franchises, wherein the Sheriff has not to do by his ordinary Authority, except they of the Hundred refufe" to do their Office.

The Word Hundredum is fometimes alfo us'd for an Im- munity or Privilege, whereby a Man is quit of the Hundred- penny, or Cuftom due to die Hundred. Sec Turn and Ward.

Hundred-/^, fibm Hundred, and the Saxon, Laga y Law, fignifies the Hundred Court - 7 from which all the Offi- cers of trie King's Foreft were freed by the Charter of C*- nutus. See Warscot.

Hundred Sofia, the Payment of pcrfonal Attendance ordering Suit and Service at the Hundred Court.

HUNDREDER3, Hundredarii, are Men impanell'd, or fit to be impannelfd, of a Jury, upon any Controverfy, dwelling within the Hundred where the Land in Queftion lies. See Jury.

The Word Hundreder is alfo us'd for him who hath the Jurifdiflion of an Hundred, and holds the Hundred Court.- SccH*. at>'% orough. .

Sometimes it ia alfo us'd for the Bailiff of an Hundred. See Bailiff.

HUNGARY Water, Aqua HungArica* a diftill'd Water, denominated from a Queen of Hungary, for whofe Ufe it was firft: prepar'd. See Water. .

Hungary Water is one of the diftill'd Waters of the Shops 5 and is directed in the College Difpenfatory, to be made of Rofemary Flowers infus'd fome Days in reclify'd Spirit of Wine, and thus diftill'd. See Distillation.

Its Virtues are much the fame as thofe of the Simple it is drawn from. See Rosemary.

HUNGER, Fames, a natural Appetite or Defire of Food. See Appetite and Food.

Hunger is properly diftihguifh'd into Natural and Ani- mal : ifaMral Hunger is an Irritation of the Stomach, occa- fion'd by Fafting ; Animal Hunger is the Senfation or Per- ception of that Irritation, and the Defire of Food confequent thereon.

There are various Opinions as to the Nature, Caufe, and Definition of Hunger 5 the Point having been controverted from Arifiotle to our Time. — Galen defines it a painful Sen- fation, arihng from a Divulfion of the Stomach ; The other Peripateticks call it an Appetite or Defire of Hot and Dry = Which two Syffems fome Authors have endeavour'd to re- concile by taking them both in ; and, accordingly define Hun- ger a natural Appetite or Defire of Hot and Dry, occafion'd by a painful Diyuliion of die Membranes of the Stomach, arifing from an Emptinefs thereof. See Stomach.

The modern Philofophers fpeak more accurately and intelli- gibly on the Point —Hunger is generally confider'd by them as owing to the Sharpnefs or Acrimony of the Liquor contain'd in the Stomach, which vellicating the Fibres thereof, occa- fipns this uneafy Senfation. — They add, that the occasional Caufe of this Vellication, is the Emptinefs of the Stomach, which not furnifhing Food for the Stomach-Ljquor to be cmploy'd on, expofes its inner Membrane to the Action thereof.

In effect, 'tis generally agreed, that there is fome menftru- ous Juice or Humour continually difcharg'd from the excre- tory Duels of the neighbouring 'Glands into the Stomach, to aflift in the Diffolution and Digeftion of the Food • and that this fame Liquor, after the Food is gone, falls upon the Stomach itfelf, irritates its Nerves fo ftrongly, as to propa- gate the Imprefhon to the Brain, and thus produce the Per- ception of Hunger. See Digestion. , This Juice fome will Have to be acid, by reafon Bodies of that Clafs are ufed to whet the Appetite and excite Hunger - y and that fatty Bodies more readily remove it than others, by their adhering to the Acid Spicula, and blunting the Points thereof. See Acid.

Others denying the Exiftence of any fuch Stomach-Liquor, and accounting for Digeftion without 5 it deny Hunger to have any Dependence thereon. — The dry Attrition of the Coats of the Stomach, according to them, is the only Caufe.

Thus it is that the Indians elude their Hunger, by fwal- lowing Pills made of Tobacco Leaves and calcin'd Shells : Thefe Pills take away the Appetite, both as the Tobacco Leaves gradually diminifh the Senfibility of the Stomach, and as the calcin'd Shells abforb the Salirro-acid Menftruum.

Thus