Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/1004

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HIS

HiRcus, is alfo ufed by fome Writers for a Comet, encornpaffed as it were with a Main, feemingly rough and hairy. See Comet.

KISSING, an Appellation given by Grammarians to the three Confonants, S,' X, and Z. Sec Consonant. See alfo S, X, and Z.

HISTERIC, See Hysteric. .,

HISTIODROMIA, or Hystiodromia, the Art of Sailing, or of conducting Veflels on the Sea. See Sailing.

Hiftiodromia is the fame with what we otherwife call Navigation. See Navigation.

Hiftiodromia turns on four Points, any two whereof be- ing given, the other two are eafily found from 'em by the Loxodromic' Tables, Sines, Tangents, Secants, Mer- tor's Chart, &c.

Thefe four Things are, the Difference of Latitude, Difference of Longitude, the Courfc, and the Diftance run. See Longitude, Latitude, Rhumb and Distance.

The Word is Greek, compofed of tshv y a Sail, of *s&j the Mall of a Ship, which comes from inif", fto, I Hand ; and <r £«'//©-, Ccurfe, of <f{ : s,«», / run.

HISTORICAL, fomething that relates to Hiftory. See History.

Thus, we fay, Hiflorical Truth, Hiftorical Style, &c.

The Donation of Couftantin, the Reality of* a Pope Joan, &c are Hiflorical Points, very much controverted.

Henry Stevens has publi lied a Hiflorical and Poetical Dictionary ; fince improved and augmented by Morery. Mr. 'Bayte has given us an Hiftorical and Critical Dictio- nary : Inodorus Siculus, Vignier, and Bifhop Nicholfon, Hiftorical Libraries.

The Hiflorical Art confifts chiefly in the arranging and difpoling of the various Incidents, fo as to conftitute one uniform, well connected whole. Fa. ^Daniel.

The principal Qualities of the Hiflorical Style, are Perfpicuity and Brevity. See Style.

Historical Column, is that whofe Shaft is adorned with Baffo-Reiievo's carved all around from Bottom to Top, representing the Hiftory and Acfions of fome illu- ftrious Perfon. See Column.

In Hiflorical Columns, the Figures may be either difpofed in a fpiral Line, continued from one End to the other ; as in the Trajan Column at Rome : Or in diftinct Bands, or Circles, containing fo many different Subjects. '

HISTORIOGRAPHER, a profefs'd Hiftorian, or Writer of Hiftory ; or a Perfon who applies himfelf peculiarly thereto. See History.

The Term is chiefly ufed for a Perfon who has a pe- culiar Charge and Commiflion to write the Hiftory of his Time. — The Hiftoriographer to his Majefty is an Officer under the Lord Chamberlain : His Salary 200 /. jier Ann.

The Word is compofed of the Greek, isneia, Hiftory, and yey., which properly fignifics to know a Thing by having feen it. Tho' the Idea affefled to the Term Hiftory, is now much more extenfive 5 and we apply it to a Narration of divers memorable Things, even tho' the Relator only takes them from the Report of others.

The Origin of the Word is from the "Verb ot/uj, / know ; and hence it is, that among the Antients fevcral of their great Men were call'd <Polyh?ftores, q. d. Perfons of various, and general Knowledge. See Polyhistores.

Hiftory is divided, with Regard to its Subject, into the Hiftory of Nature, and the Hiftory of Ail ions.

History of Nature, or Natural History, is a De- fcription of natural Bodies ; whether terreftrial, as Animals Vegetables, Foffils, Fire, Water, Air, Meteors, SSc. or Cele- fiial, as the Stars, Planets, Comets, ($c. See Nature SSc.

Such are Jriflotle's, Diafcorides's, Aldrovandus's, &c. Hiftories : Such alfo are Ray's and Gefners Hiftory of Quadrupeds ; Willoughby's Hiftories of Birds, Fifties, &c. Such, laftly, are Mr. Flamfleed's Hiftoria celeftis, or Hiftory of the heavenly Bodies.

Natural Hiftory is the fame with what we otherwik call 'Phyfiology. See Physiology.

History, with Regard to Actions, is a continued Relation of a Series of memorable Events, in the Affairs, either of a lingle Perfon, a Nation, or feveral Perfons and Nations • and whether included in a great, or a little Space of Time'.

Thus, Thncydides has wrote the Hiftory of Greece ■

Zivy of Rome ; Mezeray, and Fa. ^Daniel, of France -

Tyrrel, zn&Ecbard, the Hiftory of England; Buchanan

ot Scotland; Clarendon, the Hiftory of the Rebellion -

t

Thztamts, Bifhop Burnet, &c. the Hiftory of their own Lives and Times.

Eufebius, Baronius, &c. have wrote the Hiftory of the Church 5 Bifliop Burnet that of the Reformation, £S?c.

Several Authors have wrote on the Method of Reading, and Studying Hiftory ; and, among the reft Lucian, Bo- dimts, Voffws the elder, Whear, Patrici, Beni, Majcardi, de Silhon, F. le Moine, Fa. Raftin, the Abbot de St. Real> Fa. 'Thomaftfm, &c.

Hiftory is divided into Antient and Modern, Univerfal and Particular, Sacred and Profane.

Fa. Meneftrier gives us the proper Characters of the divers Kinds of Hiftory, with great Accuracy, — He diftinguifhes Hiftory, with Regard both to its Matter, and its Form - and gives curious Inftances of each particular.

Hiftory, with Regard to its Matter, is either Sacred, or Natural, or CiviJ, or PerfonaJ, or Singular.

Sacred History, is that which lays before us the My- Aeries and Ceremonies of Religion, Vifions or Appearances of the Deity, &c. Miracles, and other fupernaturaJ Things, whereof God alone is the Author. — Such are the Book of Genefis, the Gofpels, Apocalyple, &c. See Miracle, GosrEL, Revelation.

'Natural History, is a Defcription of the Singularities of Nature 5 its Irregularities and Prodigies ; and the Al- terations it undergoes in the Birth, Progrefs, End, and Ufe of Things. — 'Such is Ariftotle's Hiftory of Animals j c Fheophraftm\ Hiftory of Plants = and the entire Body of Natural Hiftory, by "Pliny : Such alfo are Acofta's Natural Hiftory of the Indies 5 Plott's Hiftory of Staffordfture, &c.

Civil History, is that of People, States, Republicks, Communities, Cities, &c. ■ — ■ Such are thofe of T'hticydides, Halicarmftfaus, Zivy, Polybius, Mezeray, Fa. 'Daniel, Milton, Buchanan, &c. •

Perfonal History, is that which gives the Portrait, or Life of fome finglc Perfon. ■ — ■ Such are the Lives of Plutarch, Com. Nepos, Suetonius, &c. The Lives of the Painters, Poets, Philofophers, Saints, £?c.

Perfonal Hiftory, is the fame with what we other-- wife call Biography. See Biography.

Singular History, is- that which defcribes a fingle Aftion, Siege, Battel, or even War, Expedition, $$c.

Hiftory, with Regard to its Form, is either fimple, or ftgurate, or mix'd.

Simple Hiftory, is that deliver'd without any Art or foreign Ornament 5 being only a naked, and faithful Re- cital of Things, juft in the Manner, and Order wherein they pafs'd. —Such are the Chronicles of the Eaftern Empire 5 the Fafti ; Chronological Tables, Journals, £5c. See Fasti.

Figurate Hiftory, is that which is further enrich'd wrth Ornaments, by the Wit, Ingenuity, and Addrefs of the Hiftorian. — Such are the Political, and Moral Hiftories of the Greeks, Romans, and moft of the Moderns.

This latter is a Kind of rational Hiftory 5 which, with- out flopping at the Shell or Outiide, the Appearances of Things, difcovers the Springs and Movements of the feveral Events ; enters into the Thoughts, the Breads of the Perfons concern'd therein ; difcovers their Intentions and Views $ and by the Refult of entcrprizing Under- takings, difcovers the Prudence or Weaknefs, wherewith they were laid, conducted, &c.

Thefe are much. the moft ufeful, and entertaining Hifto- ries. — ■ To this Clafs, may be peculiarly referr'd the Hifto- ries and Annals of Tacitus, among the Antients; and thofe of Guiccardin, Petavius, and Bifhop Burnet amon<* the Moderns.

Mix'd Hiftory, is that which, befide the Ornaments of figured Hiftory, calls in the Proofs and Authorities of fimple Hiftory - y furnifhing authentic Memoirs, or original Letters, Manifeito's, Declarations, ei^c. to vouch the 'Truth of what is faid. — Such are the Hiftories, or Collections of Raftjworth 5 Monf Rapin "thoyras's Hiftory of Eng- land j the Genealogical Hiftories of Duchejne 5 MonC de Marco's Hiftory of Beam, &c.

History, is alfo ufed for a Romance ; or a fabulous, but probable Relation, of a Series of Anions or Ad- ventures feign'd or invented by the Writer. ~ Such is the Hiftory of the Civil Wars of Granada 5 the Hiftory of 2)on Qitixot ; the Ethiopic Hiftory of Heliodorus, &c. See Romance.

History, in Painting, is a Picture compofed of divers Figures, or Perfons, rcprefenting fome Tranfaclion, or Piece of Hiftory, either real or feign'd. See Painting.

Painters are diftinguifh'd into Portrait Painters, Flower and Fruit Painters, Painters of Beads and Land-fkips and Hiftory Painters. — The firfl Place is univerfally al- lowed to Hiftory Painters, as the moft difficult, maflerly and fublime Province. See Ordonnance.

HISTRIO, in the antient Comedy, was a Buffoon, or Droll, who aded fome humorous Part to excite Laugh- ter and Merriment. See Comedy. : a

HOAR,