Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/932

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TIRING, in falconry, is the giving a hawk a leg or pinion of

a pullet to pluck at. Diet. Ruft. in voc. TIT-lart. See Alauda, Suppl. TOBACCO, nicotiana, the Engiifh name of a diftinct genus

of plants. See the article Nicotiana, Suppl. TOE-fiell, the Engiifh name of a genus of fhells, called by

authors pollicipes. See the article Pollicipes, Suppl. TOFT (Cycl.) — Toft alfo fignifies a grove of trees. Diet.

Ruft. in voc. TOLK, in ornithology, a name fometimes given to the black, brown, and white, mottled tringa. See the article Tringa, Suppl. TONGUE (Suppl.) — To the inllances briefly mentioned un- der this head in the Supplement, we may add the following account of a man at Montagu, in the Bas Poictou, who being feized with the fmall-pox in his fifth or fixth year, loft his whole tongue by gangrene, or putrefaction ; yet, not- withstanding, performed in perfection the five actions be- longing to the tongue, viz. fpeaking, fading, fpitting, chew- ing, and fwallowing a ; nature having, with infinite artifice, given a new conformation to the mouth, proper to fupply the want of the laft organ. — [ a Jac. Rolandi A glof nomogra- phic, five defcriptin oris fine lingua quod perfecle loquitur et reliquas Juas funSliones naturaliier exercet ; firft published in French, at Saumur, in 1630 ; tranllated into Latin by Car. Ruygerus, and publifhed in the Ephcm. German. D. an. 3. p. 481— 513.]

For fpeech, inftead of the ordinary provifion, the little fiefhy part of the tongue remaining was inflected in the middle to- wards the palate, the teeth inverted, and long inwards, the mufculi buccinatores eafily contracting between the dentes molares. In fine, there was a difpofition in all the organs to produce fpeech without a tongue : for the breath ifluing at the ova] aperture of the larynx, was further broken, and rendered vocal by the inflation of the fiefhy body, the mo- tion of the lips, the retraction of the buccinatores, the tre- mulous agitation of the uvula, and the commotion of the ■ lower jaw. Laftly, by the inverfion of the teeth, the de- preflion of the palate, the abundance of faliva, and the ca- pacity of the mouth, the found was flill further modified and determined, fo as to render it articulate. Habit too, and the repeated attempts to fpeak at an age when the parts were eafily flexible, had contributed greatly to the diftinctnefs of it. For tailing, it is evident from this, as well as other confide- rations, that the tongue is not the only organ of it, but that the palate is alfo a feat of this fenfe. For chewing, the - office of turning the meat in the mouth was here performed by the lips and cheeks, the mufcles whereof repelled to- • wards the maxillares ; fuch parts, as in maftication might fall from one fide to the other. . For the firft morfel he took, he could only chew on that fide into which he put it with his hand ; the fecond he put in like manner on the other fide; and thus- varied and fupplied each alternately. For fwallowing, the gravity of the food contributed fomething to this ; which he further promoted by ftretching out his neck, inclining his head, and drawing back the buccinatores with- in his teeth ; all which were feconded by the mouth and fauces, being well moiftcned with plenty of faliva. In effect, divers animals, as the tortoife and the crocodile, ftork, &c. fwallow without any tongue; and fifties, though 1 their tongue is fixed immoveable to their palate. For fpitting, it was per- formed by the lips, aided by the internal contraction of the mouth, and the retraction of the buccinatores over the grinders.

Roland's inltance was Angular at that time, but a-parallel one has been fince obferved in a girl at Lifbon fifteen years old; of which an account was given in 17 18 to the Royal Academy of Sciences, by M. de Juffieu b. Uponinfpeaing the mouth of this girl, there appeared nothing in all that part ordinarily poffefled by the tongue, but a little eminence in form of a papilla, between three and four lines high, in the middle of her mouth, fcarce perceivable by the eye. Upon preffing this with the finger, a kind of motion of contraction and dilatation was perceived in it ; which Shew- ed, that though the tongue was wanting, the mufcles of which it was formed, and which are def lined to give it mo- tion, were neverthelefs there. With the help of thefe fhe fpoke as diftinctly and eafily, as if nothing had been want- ing: fhe diftinguifhed taftes like other people. For mafti- cation, it was chiefly effected by the riiotion of the lower jaw, which fhe drew nearer to, or further from the grinders of the upper, under which the food to be chewed was. In this action fhe fometimes alfo made ufe of her fingers, but . . much more in the action of fwallowing, in order to pro- trude the mafticated food towards the orifice of the cefo- phagus ; For drinking, fhe performed it like other people, excepting the attention fhe employed to prevent the liquor going down too faft ; in order to which, fhe kept her head . a little inclined forwards. Laftly, the aaion of {pitting was fupplied by the mufcles of the papilla, which filled the lower part of her mouth : thefe rifing almoft to a level with the teeth of the lower jaw, and the buccinatores approaching towards both jaws, exprefled the faliva, and conducted it to the fphincter of the lips, from whence the air, driven with

violence from the larynx, ferved as a vehicle to expel it

out of the mouth c. — ( fa Mem.de I' Acad. Scienc. an. 1718,

p. 6 — 16. c Juffieu, loc. cit. p. 7, feq.] Serpent's Tongue, or Adder's Tongue, names given to the

opbiogloffum, a diftinct genus of plants. See the article O-

phioglossum, Suppl. TONIC accent. See the article Accent, Cycl TOOTH-p'tck, a name by which fome call the vi/haga, a

fpecies of daucus, according to Linnaeus. See the article

Daucus, Suppl. TooTR-wort, the Engiifh name of a genus of plants, called

by botanical writers dentaria. See the article Dentaria,

Suppl. TORROCK, a bird of the larus or gull kind, with a white

head, and a fpot of black on each fide. See the article La-

RUS, Suppl.

TO\JCH-me-not, the name of a fpecies of balfa?n'me. See the

article Balsamina, Suppl. TOURNEFORTIA, in botany, a name given byPontedera to a genus of plants, called by Linnaeus anthofpermum. See the' article Anthospermum, Append. TOWEK-muJlard, the Engiifh name of a genus of plants, called turritis by botanifts. See the article Turritis, Suppl. TRACES (Suppl.)— LadiesT rkq.es, in botany, the name of a diftinct genus of plants, called by botanifts orchis. Sec the article Orchis, Suppl. TRACHELIUM (Suppl.) is alfo a name ufed by many for feveral fpecies of campanula. See the article Campanula, Suppl. TRADESCANTIA, In the Lmrisekn fyftem of botany, the name given to the ephemerum of Tournefort. , See the article Ephemerum, Suppl. TRAGO-wc/j/j, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the y^rzW of Linnaeus. Seethe article Satyr ivm, Append. TRAJECTORY (Cycl.) — This term is often ufed, in general, for the path of any body moving either in a' void, or in a medium that refifts its motion ; or even for any curve patting through a given number of points. Thus Newton, -Prmcip. lib. 1. prop. 22. propofes to defcribe a trajectory that fhall pafs through five given points. - ■ — — TRAVE, among farriers, the fame with trawee.- See the ar- ticle Travice, SuppL

TRAVELLERS joy, a name by which the ehmathis^ or virgin's bower, is fometimes called. See the article Virgin'; bower,

Suppl.

TREACLE-muflard. See the article Mu-stard, fupra. TREE (Suppl.) — Cari-TREE, the Engiifh name of a genus of plants, called by botanifts fuber. See the article Suber, Suppl. Chajle Tree. See the article Vitex, Suppl. Germander Tree. See the article Teucrium, Suppl. White-leaf, or mealy Tree, a name by which fome call the

viburnum. See the article Viburnum, Suppl. Tree of life, the Engiifh name of a genus of trees, called

thuya by botanifts. See the article Thuya, Suppl. Tree-vW?. See the article Louse, fupra. TREFOIL (Suppl.) — Bean Trefoil, a name fometimes given

to the cyti/us. See the article Cytisus, Suppl. Bird's foot Trefoil, a name given by fome writers to the

lotus. See the article Lotus, SuppL Marfo-T ret on., the name of a genus of plants, called by

botanifts menyanthes. See Menyanthes, Suppl. Moon-TRZFQIL, the name by which many call the medkago

of botanical writers. See the article Medicagg, Suppl. Shrub-T refoil, a name given to very different plants; as the ptelea of Linnxus, the cytifus, and doryenium, or the fil- . very convolvulus. See the articles Ptelea, Cytisus,. .&c.

Suppl. Snail Trefoil, ?nedica, in botany, the name of: a diftinct ge- nus of plants. See the article Medica, Suppl. TRELLIS, .an affemblageof. wooden bars, croffing one an- other, either in a ftraitrline, or flopewife, defigned to flip- port wajl-tr.ees. . .■.'.-.-

There is another kind of trellis, made. of iron-wire. 'Sec Build. Diet, in yoc. T '

TRILATERAL, in geometry, an appellation given to all

three-fided figures. See Triangle, Cycl. TRILOC.ULAR, in botany, is applied ta:ai capfule having

three cells. See .Capsule, Append. .,:.,:. TRIM, in carpentry,- is to fit one piece of timber into an- other. Build. Diet.; in voc. . . - u '■ < ■ TRIQSTEQSPERMUM, in botany, the name by which Dillenius calls a (pecics of knicera. See the article Lo'ni- cera, Append. TRIPETALO.US plants, .fuch whofe Hower confifts of three

petals. or leaves. Ruft. Di&. in voc. TRITON, in zoology,. the name by which Dr. Hill calls a genus of infects of the gy??martb'ria, or naked kind. The body of the triton is oblong ; the roftrum at the mouth is of a fpiral form ; the tcntacula are fourteen in number, and twelve of them cheWerous. Vid. Hill, Hift. Anim. p. 89, feq.

TROAT,