Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/888

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off the loofe hemp which remains on lines or white cordage, after it is made. Blanckley'sNw. Expof. p. 102. MAKE-HawM, in falconry. See the article Hawk, Append. MALIGNANT (Cycl.) — Malignant fevers and fluxes are frequent, not only in marfhy countries, after hot feafons, but in populous cities. See the article City, Append. HHtory abounds with examples of malignant or peftilential fevers, added to the other calamities of a liege : Nay, there is fcarce any inftance of a town being long inverted, with- out fome fatal malady of this kind ; which may, in great part, be attributed to the filth of the place, crowded with people and cattle. Corrupted grain, and meats long faked be- coming putrid, have likewife given rife to malignant dif- eafes.

It is remarkable how much the plague, and other peftilential fevers, hot fcurvies, and dyfenteries have abated in Europe within this laft century ; a blcfiing we can afcribe to no other fecond caufe, than to the improvement of every thing relating to cleanlinefs, and to the more general ufe of Antifeptics. See the article Antisceptics, Append. In regard to diet too, it may be obferved, that hopped beer, wine, and fpiritudus liquors coming more into general ufe, have been a great means of fupprefiing putrid and malignant difeafes. Greens and fruit are likewife more univerfally eat, and falted meats make a much lefs part of diet than formerly. To this add the more general confumption of tea and fugar. All which are no inconliderable antifceptics. Pringle, Obferv. on Dif. of the army, p. :.84, 288, 293. As to the contageous nature of all putrid diforders, Dr. Prin- g!e thinks that the putrid effluvia, received into the blood, have a power of corrupting the whole mafs, of which he conceives the refolution of the blood, and fometimes even its fmell, in the advanced ftate of a malignant fever, the offen- fivenefs of the fwcats, and other excretions, the livid fpots, blotches, and mortifications incident to this diftemper, to be fuflicient proofs. By the acrimony of thefe effluvia, the nerves are affected with various fpafms, the pulfe is always quickenedj at firfl raifed, but foon deprefled. Id. ibid. p. 298.

Were putrefaction the only change made in the body by con- tagion, it would be eafy to cure fuch fevers, at any period, by the ufe of acids, or other antifceptics. But, as this can- not be effected, till the ftated time of their decline, it feems probable, that whilft the fceptic progrefs goes on, the fever is chiefly fupported by an inflammation in the brain ; fo that a cure cannot be expected, till the obftructing matter is re- folved or fuppurated. Id, ibid.

That this is the cafe, appears from the method of cure. Thus, before the 'inflammation is fixed, the fceptic particles jnay be expelled by fweating j after that period, the moft effectual method is to fupport the ftrength j but fo as not to increafe the inflammation ; and near the end of the laft ftage of the difeafe, the humours being refolved by putre- faction, the obftruction is thereby removed j at which time the ftronger antifceptic and cordial medicines have place, in order to correct and expel what is fo much vitiated. In this low ftate the volatiles are often neceiTary for raifino- the pulfe ; Wine is a conftant cordial ; and not only wine, but camphor, fnake-root, and the bark, are endowed with ftrong antifceptic qualities. Id. ibid, p, 299. feq. See the articles Bilious /ever, HosPiTAL-_/hw-, Dysentery, &c. Append. MALABAR-mtf, in botany, the Englifh name of a genus of plants, called by botanifts Adbatoda. See the article Adha tod a, Suppl. MALL, or Sca-Mall, the name by which we call feverai fpecies of the Larus, or gull. See the article Laru; Suppl. MALLOW, in botany, the Englifh name of a genus of plants, called by botanifts Mafoa. See the article Malva, Suppl Jews Mallow, the name by which fome call the Coreborus,

of botanifts. See the article CorchoRus, Append. Indian Mallow, a name given to two different genufes of plants, called Sida and Urena, by botanifts. See the article: Sida and Urena, Suppl. JIfflr/fr-MALLOW, the Englifh name of a genus of plants, cal- led Altbaa by botanical writers. See the article Alth^ a, Suppl. Syrian Mallow, or Venetian Mallow, names by which fome call the Krtmia s of botanical authors. See the article Ketmi-a, Suppl. Vervain Mallow, the Englifh name of a diftinct genus of .plants, known among botanifts by that of Alcea. See the article Alce a, Suppl. Yellow Mallow, a name fometimes given to the Sida of Lin-

.nseus. See the article Sida, Suppl. MALOBATHRUM, among the Romans, a precious kind of ointment, brought from the Indies through Syria to Rome. . Pitijc- in voc. MAL ESTER, a perfon whofe employment it is to make malt,

or one who tiades with it. Ruft. Diet, in voc. JvJALVINDA, in botany, the name given by Dillenius, to a genus of plants, called by Linnaeus Sida. See the article Sl- ip a, Suppl \ 1

MAR

MALUS, the AppL-tree, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe ; the flower is roia- ceous, and confifts of feverai leaves ; the fruit is flefhy, al- moft round, and for the moft part umbilicated at both ends ■ it is divided into feverai cells or partitions, in each of which is contained an oblong callous feed.

The fpecies of Apple-tree, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are thefe: i. The Apple with a full or double flower. 2. The Dwarf-Apple, with white fruit ; this is rather a fhiub than a tree. 3. The Dwarf- Apple, with rcddilh fruit. 4. The Crab-tree, or wild Apple, with very four fruit. 5. The wild Apple, with acid fruit. 6. The w'ild Apple, with white and acid fruit. 7. The large Apple, with very tender and early ripening fruit. 8. The cultivated Apple, with green fpots both without and within the fruit. 9. The garden Apple, with fruit almoft without a pedicle. to. The garden Apple, with roundifh pale green fruit, of a fweetifh acid tafte, jr. The garden Apple, with greenifh iron co- loured fruit, t2. The garden Apple, with fruit full of protuberances. 13. The garden Apple, with orbicular, fweet-fcented fruit. 14. The garden Apple, with bright pur- ple fruit. 15. The garden Apple, with blood coloured fruit of a fweetifh four taite. 16. The garden Apple, with large reddiih and very acid fruit, and a long pedicle. 17. The garden Apple, with deep red and violet fcented fruit. 18. the garden Apple, with pale red, feendefs, and large fruit. 19. The garden Apple, with deep blood-red coloured fruit, variegated with ruft-coloured fpots.. 20. The garden Apple' with turbinated, tender fruit. 2t. The garden Apple, with oblong, hard, chefnut-tafted fruit. 22. The garden Apple, with globofe fruit, partly red and partly yellow, and of a fweetiflt-four tafte. 23. The garden Apple, with orbicular feffile fruit, of a vinous tafte. 24. The garden Apple, with pentagonal ftclliform fruit, and fomewhat acid tafte. 25. The garden Apple, with polygonal fruit, of a vinous and fomewhat acid tafte. 26. The large, angular, vinous-rafted garden Apple. 27. The garden Apple, with large pileiform greenifh-yeilow fruit. 28. The garden Apple, with ftriated fruit, variegated with yellowiftl-red fpots. 29. The garden Apple, with fruit partly white, and partly reddiih, variegated with red fpots. 30. The angular, fweet, garden Apple", dif- folving in the mouth. 3I. The angular, whitifti, citron- coloured garden Apple. 32. The fruffiferous Apple, with fading flowers. 33. The garden Apple, with oblong, fugar tailed, Anis-fcented, greyifh iron-coloured fruit. 24. The garden Apple, with whitiih fruit partly puncfated, and partly variegated with deep-red ftriae. 35. The hard, fugar tailed garden Apple, with purple fruit. 36. The garden Ap- ple, with vety fweet, red, feffile fruit. 37. The oblong, fomewhat arched, very white garden Apple, of a fweetifh acid Tafte. Tournef. Inft. But. 634, feq.

MAN, Homo, in zoology, is ranked by Linnseus at the head of a clafs of animals, which he calls Aiitbropomorpha. See the article Anthropomorpha, Suppl. He diftinguiflies Men, according to their colours ; into the European, or white Men ; the American, or reddiih-coloured Men ; the Afiatic, or tawney-brown-coloured men ; and laftly, thofe of Africa, or the blacks. Linncci, fyftem. Na- tur. p. 63. Monf. Bufon, among many other curious par- ticulars, has given us feverai relating to the natural hiftory of Man. See Hilloire Naturelle Vol. III. pag. 305. £<jj tp p ar ; S] That ingenious author has entered into a coniiderable detail with refpedl to the varieties of the human fpecies. See Vol. III. pag. 371, feq. of the fame work.

MANCHINEEL-rr«, the Englifh name of a genus of plants- called by botanifts Mancanilla. See the article Manca-

NILLA, Suppl.

MANGLES, in botany, the name by which Plumier calls the RUzopbora of Linnaeus. See the article Rhizophora. Suppl.

MANGROVE-frw, a name by which fome call the Ketmia. See the article Ketmia, Suppl.

Masojove-^, thenameofa genus of plants, known a- mong authois by that of Guajabara. Sec the article Gua- jabara, Append.

MANIS, in zoology, the name of the fcaly lizard, otherwife called -Later t us f qua niofus. See the article Lacertus fquamofus, Suppl.

MANNING (Suppl.) — Manning of a hawk, in falconry, is the making her traflable, gentle, and tame. D\&. Ruft. in voc.

MANTLE (Suppl.)— isfc-MANUt, in botany, the Engliih name of agenus of plants, known among authors by that of Alehimilla. See the article AlcHIMleiA, Suppl.

MAR ACOCK, a name fornetirnes ufed for the Granadilla of botanical writers. See the article Granadii.la, Suppl.

MARANTA, Indian arrow-root, in botany, the name of a. genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe ; the cup is a fmall perianthium affixed upon the gennen, of a lan- ceolated figure, and confifting of three leaves ; the flower is monopetalous, and of the ringent kind ; the tube Is ob- long, comprelTed, crooked, and oblique ; the limb is di- vided into fix parts, the alternate exterior fegments being ' of an ovated figure, equal in fize, and l'maU, .one Handing

below,