Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/869

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HjEMATOPUS, the Sea Pye, in Ornithology, a ge- nus of birds of the order of the Scolopaces.. Its beak is of a compreffed form, ending in a cunei- form figure, and the upper and under chaps are equal m length. n

Authors defcribe it under different names, fome calling it the Pica Marina, others Himantopus ; but Hxmatopus feems the moft proper. See the articles Himantopus, and Pica marina, Suppl.

HAIR-Bell, in botany, the name by which fome call the Hya- cinth. SeethearticleHYAciNTH, Suppl.

HAiR-lForm, the Englilh name of a fpecies of worms, called

„.W ° Io g ,fts Chmia. See the article Chjetia, Append.

Sat ' OT Hatchei - SeeHATCHEL, Append.

HALIOTIS, in the natural hiftory of (hells, the name of a large genus, called in Englifh Ear-Jhdls. See the article i.AR-Sbells, Suppl.

HALL (Cycl.) — The length of a Hall mould be at Ieaft twice and a quarter its breadth, and in great buildings three times its breadth. As to the height of Halls, it may be two thirds of the breadth; and if made with an arched ceiling It will be rendered much handfomer, and lefs fubjed to fire. In this cafe its height is found by dividing its breadth into fix parts, five of which will be the height from the floor to the under fide of the key of the arch. Build. Did. in voc.

HALM. See the article Haum, Append.

HAMMER-beaded-Jhari, the Englifh name of the Zygoma. See the article Zygjena, Suppl.

HARDBEAM, or Hornbeam, in botany, the name by which fome call the Carphms of authors. See the article Car- pinus, Suppl.

HARE.(Suppl.)— Sou-Ma r e, the Englifh name of a genus of in- feds, called byDr.Hi]lZ» 7Ma. See thearticle Lernea, Apt. i/°°' Trefoil, in botany. See the articles Trjfolium and Trefoil, Suppl.

Hare's Lettuce, in botany, the name by which fome call the Soncbus, or Sow-thiflle. See the article Sonchus, Suppl.

HareVoW^, in botany, the name by which the Peucedanum or Hog's-fennel, is fometimes called. See thearticle Peuce- danum, Suppl.

HARLE, a name ufed in fome parts of the kingdom for the Mer- ganser. Seethe Article Merganser, Suppl.

HARP-Shell, a fpecies of Dolium. See Dolium.

HARIOT. See thearticle Hariot, Cycl.

HART- wort, in botany, a name fometimes given to the Tordy- Iturn of authors. See thearticle Tordylium, Suppl.

Ethiopian H A RT-iMrt, the name by which fome call the Peu- cedanum, or Hog's-fennel. Seethe article Peucedanum, Suppl,

HART's-born, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, other- wife called Buck's-born, and by botanifts Cormopus. See the article Coronopus, Suppl.

HASEL, or Hasle, in botany. See the article Hazle, Suppl.

HATCHEL, or Hitchel, in the manufaSory of flax, hemp tfc. a tool, not unlike a card, for dreffing and combing them into fine hairs. See the article Card, Cycl. They confift of (harp pointed iron-pins, or teeth, fet orderly in a board. Diet. Ruft. in voc.

Of thefe there are feveral forts, fome with finer and ihorter teeth, others with them coarfer and longer.

HATCHET-f etch, in botany, the name by which the Securi- daca, a diftindt genus ol plants, is fometimes called. See the article Securidaca, Suppl.

HATCHING (Cycl.)— The artificial method of hatchings eggs, as prattued u, Egypt, has been mentioned in the Cyclopedia ; and Mr. Reaumur has difcovered, that the heat neceffary for this purpofe, is nearly the fame with that mark'd 32, upon his thermometer, or that mark'd 96 on Fahrenheit's. If, therefore, eggs be kept in this degree of heat, they will as certainly batch, as if the parent hen had fat upon them; and, indeed, it is impoffible it fhould be otherwife, fince this heat anfwers nearly to that of the fkin of the hen, or even of man- kind ; fo that the emprefs Livia, as Pliny relates, might truly hatch a chicken in her bofom, if (he had but the patience to keep an egg there, for the fame number of days that it ought to have continued under a hen.

After many experiments, Mr. Reaumur found, that ftoves, heated by means of a baker's oven, fucceeded equally well with thofe made hot by layers of dung. The furnaces of glafs-houfes, and thofe of the melters of metals, mi^ht, no doubt be made to anfwer the fame purpofe. If, therefore, an eafy method could be found to regulate the heat of the ftove, it would be extremely convenient for bakers or paftry- cooks to hatch, with little or ntrexpencq, a very great number Append.

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of chickens ; which they might difpofeof to the country peo, pie, to be reared up till marketable. Should a thermometer be judged neeeflary tor this purpofe, it will be fufficient to ma" on ,t only fuch degrees as are abfolutely neceffary ; by which means the inftrument will not only come cheaper, but be more readily underftood by the ignorant people, for whofe ufe Jt js deiigned.

Such an inftrument, however, may be wholly difpenfed with • a kmp of butter of the fize of a walnut, melted with half as much tallow faying to indicate the heat of the ftove with" fufficient exaitnefs. When the heat is too great, this mixture, wheh is to be kept in a ph.al, will become as liquid as oil and when the heat is too finall, ; t wiU remain fijred j n, , but,, will flow like thick fyrup, upon inclining the bottle, i the ftove be of a right temper. Great attention, therefore, fhould be given to keep the heat always at this degree by let-

c'l'l' n i re ^ air ' ^ ic ^e too great, or (hutting the ftove more clole, it it be too finall.

But this is not all. That all the eggs in the ftove may equally (hare the irregularities of the heat, it will be neceffary to (hift them from the fides to the center, and vice verfa ; thereby imitating what the hens themfelves do by thofe upon which they lit; for hens are frequently feen to make ufe of their bills to pufh to the outer parts thofe eggs that were neareft to the middle part of their nefts, and to bring into that middle part luch as before lay neareft to the fides of the fame. As to the form of the (loves, no great nicety is neceffary. A chamber over an oven will do very well ; only in order to af- certain the due degree of heat, it will be neeeflary to have phials ot butter, as direded above, in feveral parts of the room ; and when the heat wants to be either increafed or di- miniflied, it is fufficient to diminifh or increafe the communi- cation between the air in the room and that abroad, by ope- ning or (hutting fome of the openings made in the wall for that purpofe.

In order to cherifh the new hatch'd chickens, capons may be taught to tend them in the fame manner as hens do Mr Reaumur tells us, that he has feen above two hundred' chick- ens at once, all led about and defended by only three or four fuch capons ; which clucked like hens, to call in the chickens that had ftrayed too far off; and even redoubled their call, when they found any nice bits, to invite the young brood to come and pick them up. Nay cocks may be tauuht to do the fame office, which they, as well as the capons, wilfcontinue to do all their lives afterwards.

But Mr. Reaumur, not fatisfied with the affiftance he could thus procure from cocks and capons, has invented a fort of low boxes without bottoms, and lined with furs. Thefe, which he calls artificial parents, not only (helter the chickens from the injuries of the air, but afford a kindly warmth ; fo that they pre- fently grow fond of them, and take the benefit of their (helter as readily as they would have done under the wings of a hen. For a few weeks after hatching, it will be neceffary to keep the chickens in a room artificially heated, and furniihed with thefe boxes; but afterwards they may be fafely expofed to the air in the court-yard, in which it may not be amifs to place one of thefe artificial parents to (helter them, (hould there be any occafion. As to the manner of feeding the young brood, they are generally a whole day after being batched, before they take any food at all ; and then a few crumbs of bread may be given them for a day or two, or millet-feeds mixed with the crumbs; after which they will begin to pick up infeiSs and grafs for themfelves. People in the country, who have plenty of conveniences for the raffing of poultry, will hardly give themfelves the trouble to hatch chickens in this artificial manner. It is in villages near great towns, and principally in the neighbourhood of the capital city, that it would be of the greateft importance to promote the eftablilhment of this kind of ftoves. Vid. Mr. Trembley's Abftract of the Art of Hatching domeftic fowls! tranflated from the original treatife of Mr. Reaumur, where ho explains every difficulty.

Hatching of Bees. See the article Bee-WoRM, Suppl.

Hatching, among miners. Seethe article Digging, Suppl.

HAVER, a word ufed in fome parts of the kingdom for oats. Diet. Ruft. in voc.

HAUGH, the fame with Haw. See thearticle Haw, Suppl,

HAUM, Halm, or Ham, among farmers, denotes the ftem or (talk of corn, pcafe, beans, &c. from the root to the ear. Di£t. Ruft. in vcc.

HAWK (Supfl.J—MaieHAWK, in falconry, a name given to an old (ranch hawk ; which, being ufed to fly, will teach a young one. Ruft. Diet, in voc.

HAW- room, the Englifh name of feveral fpecies of Mefpilus, of Medlar. See the article Mespilus, Suppl.

HAWM. See the article Haum, Append.

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