Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/856

 F R U

FRU

This diforder is occafioned many ways ; fometimes by eating wet hay, whereon rats or other vermin have pift ; by drawing frozen duft into his mouth among the grafs, &V. As to the method of treatment, it conilfts in letting him blood in the two largcft veins under the tongue, and wafh'mg the fore with vinegar and fait, or with ale and fait, till they bleed. Diet. Ruft. in voc. Camery.

Frounce, in falconry, a difeafe incident to hawks, arifing from moiit and cold humours falling down to the palate and root of the tongue ; by which means they lofe their appetite and cannot clofe their clap. Waffling with alum-water, le- mon-juice, 13c. is held good for it.

FROWEY, a term ufed by workmen for timber, which is evenly tempered, and works freely without tearing. Build. Diet, in voc.

FRUCTIFICATION (Suppl.) — The organs of fruaificatlm in plants are the pointal, generally contained in the middle of flowers ; and the threads, which furround it, furnifhed at tlwrir extremities with little beads ; thefe the botanifts term, the firft the pijlillunt, the fecond the Jlamina, and the third, or heads of the ftamina,the anthem, ovapices. See thearticleFLOWER, Suppl.

The apices contain ihe farina frcundans, a fine fubtile matter analogous to the femen mafadinitm in animals ; the ftamina ferve only for their fupport, and to convey nutrition to them ; and the pijlillum is the part defined to receive this far inn, and convey it to the feeds.

It is upon thefe principles that the excellent Linnaeus has ■founded his fyftem of the vegetable world, and formed his ■claffes. This author's work has been received by the learned world in all nations with the refpect it merits ; but has been too generally cenfured among the flighter proficients in bo- tanical refearches, as abftrufe, difficult, and unintelligible. The viewing thefe things in a new light, and the neceffity of making new words to convey new ideas, has indeed given this great attempt fomething of the face of an abftrufe piece ; but premifing a few general hints, it may not be difficult to vindicate the author from the heavy charges which have been laid againft him, and give the Englifh reader a clear and per- fect view of his work.

From the flruciure and ufe of the pijlillum, Jlamina, and •apices, it is eafy to conceive that the former muft be account- ed the female, and the two latter the male parts of flowers. This is the great bafis of his fyftem. To exprefs the differ- ent combinations of thefe in the different clafles of plants, by formal defcriptions to each, had been tedious, and an over burthen to the memory: to avoid this, he has excellently contrived the comprising that defcription, or general chara- cter, in one word. It is eafy to conceive there could be no word already in ufe, that could exprefs what had never before been thought of; he was therefore neceffitatcd to invent new ones for this purpofe. He has ventured therefore to form twenty-four fuch, for his clafles, which are of that number, , and has taken them from that language which all the learned have ever ufed on the fame occafion, the Greek ; and this with the lead oftentation or ftiew of learning imaginable : in fhort,to under ftand all thefe, there is no need of knowing more Greek than that aujjo figttrfies a man, or any thing male; and j-utui", a woman, or female ; that $vvdpt; is power or effica- cy; d'h\(ps<; i abrpther; and thence d'h\<p<z, brotherhoods or communities ; that trvv is together ; yivs<rt<;, generation or origin ; and oixos, a houfe, or habitation ; that -aroAij? figni- fies many ; yd'to;, marriage ; and kauttIoVs hidden, or con- cealed: and that the numbers one, two, three, four, five, fix, feven, eight, nine, ten, twelve, and twenty, or their derivatives, once, twice, &c are expreffed by the Greek words l uov© J, 'jlj, tc!?, T^Ipa, isms, e£, hf[ol, o'jctw, £V- vm, Wj, SuSv/.a, EiKotri : there needs, I fay, no more knowledge of Greek than this, to underftand perfectly the meaning of all the terms this author, to avoid tedious defcrip- tions, has ufed as the characters of his clafles. To begin with certainty and regularity ;

He firft divides the whole vegetable world into fuch fpecies as have their flowers vifible and obvious to the eyes, and fuch as 'have them invisible, or at the utmoft fcarce discern- ible.

Thofe which have them vifible he then divides again into fuch as have the Jla?nina, apices, and pijl'dlum, that is the male and female parts of fructifi cation in the fame flower : Thefe he for that reafon calls hermaphrodite flowers. And fuch as have the male and female parts of frucfification, that is the apices and pijl'dlum, either in different flowers up- on the fame ftalk, or upon different plants of the fame fpecies : thefe he calls the difuuet male and female flowersi Thofe which have the different organs of fr unification lodged in the fame flower, he again divides into fuch as have the ftamina in no part growing together, or cohering to one an- other : and fuch as have them either growing together or cohering together mutually in fome part, either with one an- other, or with the p'Jlilhmu

Thofe which have them in no part cohering either with the pijlillum or with one another, he again fubdivides into fuch as obferve no exact or accurate proportion of length one among

another ; and fuch as have ever two of the ftamina Ihortcr than the reft.

From thefe general divifions he defcends to his particular claffes, of which he eftabliihes twenty-four. The firft thirteen are of the plants which have hermaphrodite flowers, with the organs of fr unification disjunct, nowhere cohering with one another, and obferving no exact propor- tion in length.

The* firft is the monandria : the word is derived from the Greek [tows and anta one male part, and fignifies a flower that has only one fuch. This clafs accordingly comprehends thofe plants which have an hermaphrodite flower, and in it only one Angle Jhimen : of this clafs are the hliu, turmeric^ &c. The fecond is of the dlandria; the word, derived from the

fam

e avnp and oi? ;

twice, and fienifying a flower that has

two male parts, comprehends all thofe plants which have hermaphrodite -flowers with two jlamina in each : of this clafs are the jafpdne, philleree, olive, rofmary, butterzuort, C9V.

■ The third is of the triandria; the word, derived from the fame ai/jjf and t^i?, thrice, fignifies a flower that has three male parts in it, and comprehends thofe plants which have hermaphrodite flowers with threejlamina in each : of this clafs are the valerian, faffron, many of the grajfes, &c. The fourth is of the tetrandri a; the word, derived from the fame dv-fig and rsIpaV, four times, fignifies a flower that has four male parts, and accordingly comprehends thofe plants which have hermaphrodite flowers with four jlamina in each ; of this clafs are the teafel, madder, plantain, &c.

Thefifthis of the pentandria; the word derived, from the fame uvrio and wivTt, five, fignifies a flower with five male parts, and accordingly this clafs comprehends thofe plants which have hermaphrodite flowers with five jlamina in each ; of this clafs are the pr'miroje, %vi How -herb, hind-weed, &c. The fixth is of the hexandr'ia ; the word, derived from the fame clvvi? and £'£, fignifies a flower that has fix male parts, and accordingly comprehends thofe plants which have hermaphro- dite flowers with fix Jlamina iii each ; thefe Jlamina, the au- thor obferves, arc either ail equal in length, or alternately one fhorter than another : of this clafs are garlick, hyacinths meadow-fafiron, &c.

The feventh is of the heptandria ; the word, derived from the fame dvnp and iiP,cc, feven, fignifies a flower with {even male parts, and comprehends thofe plantsjwhich have hermaphrodite flowers with feven Jlamina in each : of this clafs are the horfc- chefinut and irienialis.

The eighth is of the otlandria ; the word, derived From the fame dvvip and oV.xw, eight, fignifies a flower with eight male parts, and comprehends thofe plants which have hermaphro- dite flowers with cightjlamina m each ; of this clafs arc the maple, rue, heath, &c.

The ninth clafs is of the enncandria ; the word, derived from the fame dvr,a and invest) nine, fignifies a flower that has nine male parts, and comprehends -thofe plants which have hermaphrodite flowers with rime Jlamina in each : of this clafs are the bay, rhubarb, £sV.

The tenth clafs is of the decandr'ta ; the word, derived from the fame «V/}f and Jexa?, ten, fignifies a flower which has ten male parts, and comprehends all thofe plants which have her~ maphrodite flowers with ten jlamina in each : of this clafs are the Judas-tree, baftard-dittany, caltrops, &c. The eleventh is of the dodecandria ; the word, derived from the fame «\jip and Suifexet, twelve, fignifies a flower which has twelve male parts in it, and comprehends thofe plants which have hermaphrodite flowers with twelve Jlamina in each : of this clafs are the afiarabacca, agrimony, &c. The twelfth is of the icofandria ; the word, derived from the fame ctv-rio and £1x00**3 twenty, fignifies ffrictly a flower with twenty male parts in it ; the author however does not under- ftand it in that ftrict (enk, but ufing it as we frequently dc* words expreffing large quantities, as indefinite and in an in- determinate (enie, defines it to mean only a larger number of

jlamina than are expreffed under any other of the distinctions? and comprehends under it, in this clafs, all thofe plants which, have hermaphrodite flowers and more than twelve Jlamina in each ; thofe Jlamina alio growing to the inner fide of the cup of the flower, not to the receptacle of the future feeds : of this clafs is the torch-thijlle, the myrtle, Jl or a-t, the almond, &':, The thirteenth is of the palyandria ; the word, derived from the fame «v^ and -sroAy? , many, fignifies, in an exact fenfe, no other than what he makes the icofandria, the title of the lall clafs, exprefs : thefe are, perhaps, the only two words in which his expreffion is deficient, the name he has given the claffes not at all importing their particular difference from one another: this, however, he has vey acurately done in the character which follows them ; and comprehends under this clafs thofe plants which have hermaphrodite flowers with more than tweWcjlamina in each, but which grow in this to the receptacle of the future feed, not as in the other clafs to the inner fide of the cup of the flower ; of this clafs are the water-Hlfy, poppy, celandine, i3°r.

Thefe are the claffes this accurate diftinguifiier has eftablifhcd among the hermaphrodite Rowers, whofe jlamina have jio xe-