Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/845

 EXE

EYE

no pericarpium ; the feeds are fmall, oblong, and covered with long down; the receptacle is naked and plane. See Linftai Gen. Plant, p. 400.

The fpecies of erigeron are thefe: 1. Thefingle lateral flower- ed erigeron, with fquamofe cups. 2. The toad-flax-leaved annual Canada erigeron^ called by fome conyza. 3. The co- ronopus-leaved crigeron of America. 4. The ovato-lanceo- late-Ieaved camphorated erigeron. 5. The fhort leaved eri- gerqn. 6. The ramofe, long leaved, fmall flowered erigeron. 7. The larger flowered erigeron. Hill, Hift. Plant, p. 575.

ERINGO, in botany, the Englifh name of the eryngium, a diftincf. genus of plants. See the article Eryngium, Suppl.

ERUCA marina grifeo-fufca, a name fometimes given to the aphrodita, a genus of lea- infects. See the article Aphrodi- TA, Append.

ETCH. See the article Eddish, Append.

'Ercn-crop, among farmers, the third crop of corn upon land newly broken up. Ruft. Diet, in voc.

ET£RNAL_/?sK/ir, the Englifh name of two different o-enufes of plants, the gnaphal'mm and xeranthemum. See the articles Gmaphalium and Xeranthemum, Suppl.

EVERLASTING-^?, the name of a genus of plants, called by authors lutbyrus. See the article Lathyrus, Suppl.

EUONYMOIL'ES, in botany, a name ufed by fome for the celqfirus of Linnseus. Seethe article CelastRus, Append.

EUPHONIC accent. See the article Accent, Cycl.

EWE, the Engliih name of the female of the fheep-kind. See the articles Sheep and Ovis, Suppl.

EXAGON, the fame with hexagon. See the article Hexa- gon. Suppl.

EXERCISE (Cycl. ) — 'Proper cxercife conduces much' to the health of foldiers in camp.

The cxercife of a foldier may be confldercd under three heads » the firft relating to his duty, the fecond to his livin° mor= commodioufly, and the third to his diverfions. The firft, confifting chiefly in the cxercife of his arms, will >be no lefs the means of preferving health, than of making him expert in his duty; and frequent returns of this, early and before the fun grows hot, will be made more advanca^eous than repeating, it feldom, and flaying too long out at a time ; for a camp affording little convenience for refreshment, all un neceffary fatigue is to be avoided.

As to the fecond article, cutting boughs for fhadW the tents, making trenches round them for carrying off the water, air- ing the ftraw, cleaning their cloaths and accoutrements, and aflifting in the bufinefs of the mefs, ought to be no difagree- able cxercife to to the men, for fome part of the day. Laftly, as to diverfions, the men muff be encouraged to them either by the example of their officers, or by fmall premiums to thofe who fhatl excel in any kind of fports, as fhall be judged moft conducive to health ; but herein great caution is neceffary, not to allow them to fatigue themfelves too much, efpecially in hot weather, or fickly times ; and above all, that their cloaths be kept dry, wet cloaths being the moft fre- quent caufe of camp-difeafes.

EXPEDITIONS th winter. See the article Campaign, Append.

EYE (Suppl.) — EYE-faps, thofe pieces of leather which co- vers the eyes of coach-horfes. Ruft. Diet, in voc.

Eye-^tw, in architecture, the fame with lift, or fillet. See the article Fillet, Cycl.

EYESSE, in falconry. See the article Falcon, Suppl.

FAT

FEE

FABA Grezca, in botany, a name fometimes given to the guiacana of Tournefort. See the article Guiacana, Suppl.

FAGG, in the fea language, denotes the end of thofe ftrands which do not go through the tops, when a cable or rope is cjofed. Blanckley, Nav. Expof. p. 54.

FAINTING. Some people are extremely apt to faint during the operation of bleeding. In all cafes, therefore, where plentiful bleeding is indicated, it Is beft to do it in bed, in or- der to prevent the patient's fainting. It is likewifc obferved, that a perfon will bear the lofs of a much greater quantity of blood, if the ftream is fmall, than by a large orifice, which fome think neceffary for making a more fpeedy revulfion. Pringle, Obferv. on the Difcafes of the Army, p. 131. See the article Lipothymia, Suppl.

FAKE, in the fea-language, one round or circle of a cable : this is otherwife called quoil. Blanckley, Nav. Expof. p. 54.

F 'AN (Suppl. ) — Fan is alfo an inftrument ufed in winnowingcorn.

FAR, in horfemanfhip, a term ufed to denote any part of the horfe's right fide : thus the_/"tfr-foot, yor-fhoulder, &c. is the right foot, right fhoulder, &c.

FASHIONS, a name fometimes ufed for the farcin. See the article Farcin, Cycl.

VAT(Cycl.) — The antients ufed the terms adeps, pinguedo, fevum, indifferently : but modern anatomifts have found it convenient to eftablifh a diftincYion ; according to thefe pinguedo is made the general name for all fat, and adeps and fevum, made branches or fpecies of it : the adeps comprehends the thinner, fofter, and moifter fort, which eafily liquifies and difficultly coalefces ; the fevum, fuet, or leaf, includes the harder, coarfer, and drier *,

According to an antient gloffarift adeps is properly the inner fat, or that which cleaves to the inteflines ". The fpecific virtues afcribed to certain fats do not feem well warranted ; fome even doubt their being pofleffed of any pro- perties different from other fubftances of like kind, unlefs what may arife out of thair different confiftencies and degrees of volatility : that of the viper feems to have the moft right to claim fomething extraordinary upon that account c . The way of preparing fat for medicinal purpofes, is to take out the fkins, veins, fibres, &c. waffi it till it becomes un- bloody ; then melt, ftrain, and preferve it from air d . Some chemifts defcribe adeps as a pinguedo coagulaled or con- denfed to a confiftence by the admixture of fomething faline ; for in diftillation the fulphureolis part of the adeps afcending, leaves only a faline matter at the bottom, the coagulation be- ing deftroyed, the fubflance ceafes to be adeps, and is called oleum adipis a. Appekd.

[ a Blaf. Comm. ad Veiling, cap. i, p. 10. Gal. De ufu par- tium, lib. 16. Gorr. Dcf. Med. p. 374. feq. in voc. z?ifj.zw\ r. b See Du Cange, Gloff. Eat. torn. i. p. 56. c Quinc. Pbarmi P. II. §. xii. p. 27. d Pharmac. Edinb. c See Jolmj. Chym. in Addit. p. 7.]

Fat, in the brewery. See the article Vat, Cycl.

FEATHER (Suppl.) — Pri?ice, s Frather, in botany, the name of a genus of plants called by authors amarantbus. See the article Amaranthus, Suppl.

FEE (Cycl.) in Latin feudum, and more antiently feodum, is defined by Stryckius ■, " Feudum eft conceflio dominii utilis " fub lege fidelitatis." Thefe feuds, no doubt, took their origin from the conquefts of the northern hive that overfpread Europe. The general divided the conquered country into large diftricts, over each of which he placed one of his princi- pal officers, and they again fubdivided their provinces among the fubalterns and foldiers ; this was in lieu of pay, and thefe lands being given under the condition of fidelity, by which was chiefly meant afliftance in war, made an united kingdom under the general, who generally aflumed the title of king, as Hengift did in Kent, though he had it not before he made his conquefi. [ 3 Examen Juris Feudal, cap. ii. qu. 11.] We muft not imagine that feuds were always invariably of the fame form ; they altered much in procefs of time. Craig diftinguifhes them into four ages, calling them tnfantia, puer- itia, adolefcentia, and viril'is eetas. Infantia was from the firft irruption of the northern nations, about the middle of the fifth century to an. 650, during whichyiW* were annual, or at moft for life, like the_Turkifh timariots. Pueritia lie rec- kons from 650 to 800, the time of Charlemagne; during which fons crept into the fucceflion of their fathers. Adolef- centia extended from this to Conrad II. an. 1022, or 1027. This emperor intending an expedition into Italy, the better to' encourage his followers extended the right of fucceflion to grand-children and brothers. Firilis aitas followed, from Con- rad to Frederic, an. 1155. in whofe time the feudal books were compiled, and fucceflions to all heirs whatfoever efiab- lifhed.

This is the general account of the origin and progrefs of feuds. When they were firft eftablifhed in this ifiand has been mat- ter of difpute among the learned : Craig and Spclman fay at. the conqueft ; others aflert their higher antiquity ; lord chief juftice Hale, particularly, afferts that the Norman cuftoms derive from the Englifh : this carries little probability with it; Sir Edward Coke, in ihe preface to his Sixth Report, brings an old Saxon charter, to prove that lands efcheated for felony. In this charter, dated an. 995, Ethelred gives lands, forfeited by one F-thelfig, for ftealing fome fwine, to one Ulfnc, " iri H *' perpetuarrt