Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/832

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fclSTUS (Suppl ) — Dwarf Cistus, a name given by feme to the hdi mil hi mum, or fmall fun-flower. See the article Heli-

ANTHEMUM, Sltppl.

CITRINE jieeckas, in botany, a name ufed by fome for a ge- iAis of plants called goldy-locks. See the article Elychry- sum, Suppl.

CITRON (Cyd. and Suppl.)— Citron water, a well known ftrong water, or cordial, which may be thus made : take ot fine thin lemon-peel eighteen ounces, of orange-peel nine ounces, perfect nutmegs one quarter of a pound, alcohol perfect, that is, the fineft and beft rectified fpirit of wine two gallons and an half; digefr. In balneo marine for one night; draw ofF with a flow fire; then add as much water as will juft make the mixture milky (which will be about feven quarts or two gallons) and add alio two pounds of fine fu- gar candy.

This compofition may be improved by frefh elder-flowers hung in a cloth in the head of the frill, fprinkled with amber- greefe in powder, or its eflence. This article is referred to Water, but is there omitted.

CITY (Cyd.) — It has been obferved that large cities are more liable than other places to peftilential and putrid diforders, which is owing to the flagnation and corruption of the air. This is always the cafe in thofe which are low and unpro- vided with common fewers; where the ftreets are narrow and foul, the houfes dirty, water fcarce, and jails and hofpitals crowded : alfo when in fickly times the burials are within the walls, or when dead animals and offals are left to rot in the kennels or on dunghills; when drains are not provided to carry off" any large body of ftagnating water in the neighbourhood; when flefh-meats make the greater!, part of the diet, with- out a proper mixture of greens, bread, wine, or fermented liquors; from the ufe of old mouldy grain. In proportion to the number of thefe and the like caufes concurring, a dty will bemoreorlefs fubjecr. to peflilential difeafes, or to receive the leaven of the true plague brought into it by any merchandize. Pringle, Obfervat. on the Difeafcs of the Army, p. 284,

■fa'

However, as great cities furnifii many materials for vitiating

the air, they likewife afford two considerable antidotes; the iirfl arifes from the circulation of the air, by means of the conftant motion of people and carriages, and of the draughts made by fires : the other depends on the great quantity of an acid produced by fuel, the flrongefl: refifter of putrefaction. Id. ibid. p. 297.

CLARY, or garden Clary, a name given to the fdarea of Tournefort. See the article Sclarea, Snppl.

Wild Clary, in botany, the fame with the horm'tnum of Tourne- fort. See the article Horminum, Suppl.

CLEAVERS, or Clivers, in botany, theEnglifh name of age- nus of plants called by authors aparine. See the article Apa- rine, Suppl.

CLEDGE, a name given by the miners to the upper part of the flratum of fuller's earth. See the article Fuller's earth, Suppl.

CLEMATIS, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : there is no calyx i the flower confifts of four lax oblong petals, of an uncertain ihape; the ftamina are numerous fubulated filaments, fhorter than the flower; the anthers adhere to the fides of them; the germi- na are numerous, comprefled, and terminate in fubulated ftyles, which are longer than the {lamina; the ftigmata are Ample; there is no pericarpium; the receptacle is capitated and fmall; the feeds are numerous, roundifh, comprefled, and hr-'.vc the fryle adhering to them.

This genus comprehends the dematitis, fiammula, and vitlcel- la of authors. See the article Clematitis, Suppl.

CLIMBER, in botany, a name given to the dematitis of au- thors. See the article Clematis, Append.

CLIVERS, or Cleavers, in botany. See the article Apa- rine, Suppl.

CLOCK (Cyd.) — What is inferred in the Cyclopedia on this head, is taken from Derham's Artificial Clock-maker. Since that time a fuller and more complete treatife on this fubjecr. has been publifhed by Mr. Thiout, at Paris, which is recom- mended in the Hiftory of the Royal Academy of Sciences, an. 1740.

CLOUDBERRY, in botany, the Englifh name of a genus of plants, called in Latin chamamorus. See the article Cha- M^mokus, Append.

CLOWN's wound-wort, in botany, a name ufod by fome for the Jiderit/s of authors. See the article Sideritis, Suppl.

COASTMARY, or Costmary, a name given by fome to a fpecies of tanzy, called by others balfamita. See the article Tanacetum, Suppl.

CO'B-mit, a name given by fome to the corylus, or hazle. See the article Hazle, Suppl.

COB ELLA, in zoology, the name of a fpecies of coluber. See the article Coluber, Append.

COBWEB. This fubftance, dried and powdered, is efteem- ed by fome as a good aftringent and abforbent.

COCCUS, in the hiftory of infects, the name of a very com- prehenfive genus, the trunk of which arifes from their breaft; the body is cetofe behind; the wings only two, placed erect, and to be found only on the males.

This genus contains all the progal-mfccts of Reaumur. See the article Progal-insect, Suppl.

The principal fpecies are: 1. The kermesy or coccus of the holm-oak. 2. The Poland fcarlet-grain, or the purple coccus of the roots of plants. 3. Cochineal, or the coccus of the opuntia. 4. The green houfe-bug, or the coccus of the orange tree. 5. The -water-coccus, found on the leaves of the water- lilly. 6. The coccus of the birch tree, 7. The coccus of other infects. 8. The coccus of canary- grals. 9. The coccus of the jacobaa. 10. The coccufes of the alder, peach, &c. See the article Kermes, &c, Suppl. COCCYGRIA, in botany, the name of agenus of plants, called

by Tournefort cotinus. See the article Cotinus, Suppl. COCK, gallus, in ornithology, the Englifh name of the male of the gallinse-kind. See the articles Galling and Gal- lus, Suppl.

The front part of the- cock's head is ornamented with a lon- gitudinal flefhy crefl, or comb; and the wattles on the throat are two, they alfo are longitudinal and flefhy. In the choice of a dunghill-cc^ he fhould be of a large body, very long from the head to the rump, thick in the girth, the neck long, loofe, and high; the comb, wattles, and throat large; the eyes round and large, and anfwerable to the co- lour of his plume or main, as grey with grey, yellow with yellow, and fo of the reft; his beak fhould be ftrong and hooked; and his main or neck-feathers very long and giofly* covering his neck and fhoulders; the legs fhould be firait and of a long beam, with very large and long fpurs, a little bend- ing; the colour fhould be black, yellow, or brownifh; the claws fhould be long and ftrong; the tail longj bending back and covering the whole body; the wings very ftrQng; and. the general colour fhould be reddifh. Game Cock. See the article Game, Suppl. Indian Cock, the Englifh name of a dittinct genus of birds

called by zoologifts crax. Seethe article Crax, Suppl. CocK's-comb, in botany, a name given to a fpecies of pt- dicularis, or loufe-wort. See the article Pedicularis, Suppl. CocK.'s-co?nb is alfo a name given to a fpecies of amaranth.

See the article Amaranth, Suppl. CocK's-foot-grafs, in botany, a name given to a fpecies of

grafs. See the article Grass, Append. CocK's-head, in botany, the Englifh name of a genus of plants called by authors cnobrychis. See the article Onobrychisj Suppl. CocK-thrcpplcd, a name given by dealers in horfes to one whofe wind-pipe is fmall and bends like a bow when he bridles his head. See the articles Horse and Hunter, Suppl. COCKLE, petlunadus, the Englifh name of thofe peclrns which

have no ears. See the article Pecten, Suppl. COCO-nut, or CocoA-nut, in botany, the fame with the ca- cao of Tournefort. See the articles Cacao, Suppl. and Chocolate, Cycl. COCOON. See the article Silk. COD, in ichthyology, the Engliih name of a fpecies of gadus*

Seethe article Gadus. CODLIN-rm', in botany, the name of a fpecies of apple-tree.

Seethe articles Apple and Malus, Suppl. CODLINS and cream, the name of a genus of plants called by Tournefort Gbamanerium. See the article Cham venerium, Suppl. CCENOTAPH. See the article Cenotaph, Cyd. CCERULEUM nativum, a name frequently ufed by the an- tients for the friable blue ochre, called lapis armenus. See the article Armenus lapis, Suppl. COFFEE-fnw, the Englifh name of a fpecies of jafmine. See

the articles Jasmine, Suppl. and Coffee, Cycl. COGGLE, a fmall fifhing-boat upon the coaft of Yorkfhire; it is alfo called a little cogge, from the old Teutonic kogge, a fhip; whence the middle aged Latin coggo, cogga, &c. Pre- parahs coggionibus, galleis, C5 3 aliis navibus, &c. Mat. Paris. And hence the Latin cogcio, a wandering and begging fea- man; and the cogcioncs, cog-men or boat-men, who, after fhipwreck, or lofles by fea, travelled about to defraud the people by begging and ftealing, are refrrained by many civ.il and good laws. Du Frefne. COIX, in the I. innsean fyfem of botany, the name of a genus of plants, called by others lacryma Jobi. See the article La- cryma, Append. COLCOTHAR (Cycl. and Suppl.)— The Latin writers of the middle ages ufe colcothar as a name of vitriol in general, which was called by the Greeks chalcanthum.

Colcothar is originally an Arabic word, which docs not fig- nify the common vitriol, but the chalcitis. The word has been fpelt calchuthar, and from this the word chalcitis dif- fers not very much. The Greeks of the middle ages followed the Arabians in the ufe of the word colcothar, but added to it a termination proper to their language, and particularly to the cuftom of thofe times, which feem- ed not to exprefs exactly the fame thing, but a diminutive of it : they wrote it colcotharion, or chatdtarion* This they alfo called the orchis, orch'ulion, the lad't eladion, ,and fo in a thoufand other inftanceSi Avicenna ufes the word zagi to exprefs this fubftance, but then he is by no means deter- minate