Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/831

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in the plumofe 1-oriKi! kino's we may fee by the antenna: whe- ther a male or female phalcna is to be produced from thecfa-y- falis, the horns of the female being in this ftate evidently. nar- rower and appearing left elevated above the common furface of the body, than thofe of the male-.

^ ' t!K "- parts of the chryfet&s, however, though fecri very diftinctly-, arc laid dote to one another^ and teem to form on- ly one mail ; each of them is covered with its own peculiar membrane in this ftate, ami all are funoumlcd together by a qomtnon one, and it is only through thei'c that we fee them, or --.■:':■- wi '•■:, c- i .-. . as figures ot ail the parts moulded Within, and therefore it requires attention to diftinguifh them: There is however a time at which they are very ealily diftin- guifhed, when the external covering is thin and tranfparent, nay when this no longer exifts, and when the others arc per- fectly tranfparent ; and all the exterior parts may, after this ftate, be ealily feparated from one another, This however is at a time when it might be lead expected that any thing wor- thy obfervation fhould appear; and therefore authors have dis- regarded it; it is at that time when they fay the whole is a mafs of jelly-like matter that this is to be feen, that is, at the time of its being Sift produced out of the body of the cater- pillar -, but this is a feafon of fliort duration, and muft be careluliy attended to.

The chryjuih is foft when firft produced, and is wetted on the front with a vilcous liquor ; its (kin, though very tender at firit, dries and hardens by degrees ; but this vifcous liquor, which furrounds the wings, legs, HV. hardens almoft imme- diately, and in confequeoce fallens all thofe limbs, CSV. into a mafs, which were before loofe from one another; this li quor as it hardens lofes its tranfparence and becomes brown . fo that it is only while it is yet moift that thefe parts are to be fcen diftinct.

It is evident frcm the whole, that the chryfalh is no other than a butterfly, the parts of which are hid under certain mem branes, which fatten them together, and when the limbs are arrived at their due ftrength they become able to break through thefc membranes, and then expand and arrange themfelves their proper order.

The nrlt metamorphofis therefore differs in nothing from the fecond, except that the butterfly comes from the body of the caterpillar in a weak ftate, with limbs unable to perform their offices ; whereas it comes from the chryfalh perfect. Reaumur, Hift. Inf. vol. i. p. 2 — 17. See the article Feve, Suppl. Mr. Reaumur has given us many curious obfervations on the ftructure and ufes of the feveral coverings that attend the varieties of the caterpillar kind in this ftate. The creatures in general remain wholly immoveable in this ftate, and feem to have nobufmefs in 'it, but a patient attend- ance on the time when they are to become butterflies: and this is a change that can happen to them only as their parts, before extremely loft and weak, are capable of hardening and becoming firm by degrees, by the tranfpiration of that abun- dant humidity which before kept them foft ; and this is prov- ed by an experiment of Mr. Reaumur, who enclofiW fome chryfalifes in a glafs tube, found, after fome time, a fmall quan tity of water at the bottom of it, which could have ceme there no other way but from the body of the inclsfed animal. This tranfpiration depends greatly on the temperature of the 'air : it is augmented by heat, and diminifhed by cold ; but it has alfo its peculiarities in regard to the feveral fpecies of but- terfly to which the chryfalh belongs.

According to thefe obfervations, the time of the duration of the -animal in the chryfalh ftate muft be in different fpecies very different; and there is indeed this wide difference in the extremes, that fome fpecies remain only eight days in this ftate, and others eight months. It may be eafily conceived from this, that there may be in one year two generations of caterpillars of the fame fpecies; and that the eggs laid by the butterfly in the latter end of autumn, having Iain the win- ter in that ftate, become hatched early in the fpring, and the caterpillars produced from thefe being come tq the chryfalh ftate, remain in it but a little time, becaufe they are favoured by the warmth of the feafon ; ^\d hatching into butterflies, thefe fpcedily lay their eggs, that they niayfiave a remainder of warm weather to be hatched in tire remainder of the fummer feafon, and give a race of ftrong caterpillars before the end of autumn: but circumftanc.es muft happen very favourably in all refpe&s, in order to bring this about. Mr. Reaumur has proved that heat and cold make .great dif- ferences in the time of hatching of the butterfly from the chry- Jelit&ite : and this he particularly tried with great accuracy and attention, by putting them in vcffcls in warm rooms, and in ice- houfes, and it feemed wholly qwiug to the haftcning or re- tarding the evaporation of the abundant humidity of the ani- mal in the chryfalis ftate, that it fooner or later appeared in the butterfly form. He varnifhed over fome chryfalifes, in order to try what would be the effect of thus wholly prevent- ing their tranfpiration ; and the confequence was, that the butterfly came forth from thefe two months later than their natural time. Thus was the duration of the animal in this ftate lengthened, that is its life was lengthened, but that without any advantage to the creature, fince it was in the time of its ftate of inaction, and probably of infenfibility. Though this was of no confequence* Mr. Reaumur de-

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duces from it a hint that Teems to be of fome. He obferves that hen s eggs, of which we make fo many ufes, and eat in fd many forms, are properly a fort of chryfalh of the animal ; their germ, after they are impregnated by the cock, containing thd young animal alive, and waitini only a due degree of warmth to be hatched and appear in its own form. E"gs traufpire notwithftanding the hardnefs of their fhells ; and when they have been long kept, there is a void found near one of their ends between the ftell and the internal membrane: this is a mar* of their being ftalc, and is the effeft of an evaporation of part of their humidity : and the fame varnifn which had been ufed to the chryfalifes, being tried on eggs, was found to preierve them for two years, as frefh as if laid but the fame day, and fuch as the niceft palate could not diftinMuCb from thole that were fo. 1

It is not yet known how much farther this ufeful fpecuhtiori might be carried, and whether it might not be of great ufe even to human life, to invent fomething that fhould act in the manner of this yarnifh, by being rubbed over the body, as the athletae did of old, and the ravages of the Weft Indies do at this time, without knowing why. See the article Eggs, Suppl. But to return to the infeas which are the fubjeds of this ar- ticle : their third ftate, that in which they are winged, is al- ways very fliort, and feems deftined for no other action but the propagation of the fpecies. See the article Generation, Suppl. '

CHRYSTAL (Suppl.) -Sprig Chrystal, the Englifh name of a genus of chryftah, called by authors ellipomacrojlyla. See the article Ellipomacrostyla, Suppl. Pebble Chrystae, the name of a fpecies of petridlum. See

the article Petridia, Append, CHRYSOLITE pajle. The way of making an artifical chry- fttte pafte is this : take of prepared chryflal two ounces, or- dinary red lead eight ounces ; mix thefe well together, and add crocus martis made with vinegar, twelve grains : mix all together; put them into a crucible, lute it over, and bake the whole for twenty-four hours, or longer, in a potter's kiln, and it will produce a very elegant refemblance of the true chryfolite. CHRYSOMELA, in zoology, a genus of infects frequently confounded with the beetles, the antenna: of which are made in form of bracelets, or necklaces of beads, and are thickeft toward their extremity : the body, in figure, approaches to oval, and the thorax is oblong and rounded. Of this genus Dr. Hill enumerates a great many fpecies, for which fee his Hift. Anim. p. 43, feq. See alfo the article Scakab^us, Suppl. CHRYSOMITHRES, in ornithology, the name by which fome call the gold-finch. See the articles Carduelis, Suppl. and Gold-finch, Append. CHRYSOPHYLLUM, the Jtar-apple, in the Linnaan fyftem of botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : the cup is a fmall permanent perianthium, compofed of five roundifh leaves ; the flower is formed of a fimple campanulated petal ; the limb being divided into ten fegments, which are alternately roundifh and patalous, and narrow and ereft ; the ftamina are five fubulated filaments ; the antheras are fimple ; the germen of the piftil is roundifh ; the ftyle is fubulated ; the ftigma is fimple ; the fruit is a large berry, containing only one cell ; the feeds are odious, and three in number.

This genus comprehends the cainita of Plunder, and is of kin to the rhamnm anifderaxylum. Vide Linnai Gen. Plant, p. 81. See the articles Rhasinus, Suppl. and Sideroxylum, Append. CHURN owl, a name given to a beautiful bird called by authors

caprimulgus. See the article Caprimulgus, Suppl. CICUTARIA (Suppl.) is alfo ufed for a fpecies of cicuta, or hemlock, called by fome writers fool's-parfley. See the ar- ticle Cicuta, Suppl. Sweet Cicutaria, the name fometimes given to a fpecies of

myrrhh. See the article MyRRIiis, Suppl. CIBOULS, a name given by fome to a fpecies of onions. See

the article Onion, Suppl. CICELY, the name of a genus of plants, called by authors

myrrhh. See the article Myrrhis, Suppl. CILERY, in architecture, a term ufed to denote the drapery, or Ieaveage, which is wrought upon the heads of pillars. Build. Diet, in voc. CIMELIARC, in church-architecture, the room where the plate, veftments, EsV, belonging to the church, are kept j this, in Englifh, is called a vettry. CINNAMON-rrre, in botany, makes only a fpecies of the laurus, according to Linnaius ; diltinguifhed by its oblong- ovated, trinervous, plane leaves. See the article Laurus, Append.

Its berries are an excellent carminative, and much ufed in medicine. CINQUEFOIL (Suppl.) — Strawierry-CxNQVEtoiL, the name by which fome call the pentaphylhides of Tournefort. Sec the article Pentaphylloides, Suppl. CIRSIUM, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, accord- ing to Tournefort, but comprehended under the carduus, or thiftle, by Linnaeus. See the article Thistle, Suppl.

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