Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/829

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CHICHES, a name given to the cicer, or chich-pea. See the article Cicer, Suppi.

CiaCR-TVeed (tup;!.) — Berry bearing Cnick' r weed, m botany, a name given to the cucubalus. See the article Cucubalus, SuMl.-

CHICK LIN G~/v:/7, a name ufed by fome for the lathyrus of authors. Seethe article Lathyrus, Suppi.

Cements for broken CHINA-ware. See Cement, Append:

CHIONANTHUs, the fmiu- drop-tree, in theLiniKran fyftem of botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : the cup is a one-leaved perianthium, di- vided into four fegments at the edge, erect, acuminated, and permanent; the flower confifts of a fingle petal, and is di- vided into four parts ; the tube is very fhort and patulous ; the limb is divided into four extremely long fegments, which are erect, acute, of a linear figure, and fomewhat uneven ; the ftaminn are two very fhort filaments, of a fubulated figure, and are inferted into the tube; the antheras are cor- dated and erect- ; the germen of the piftil is of an oval figure ; the ftyle is fimple and of the length of the cup ; the ftigma is obtufe and trifid; the fruit is a round berry, containing only one cell, in which is included a fingle {Mated oficle. Limiesl Gen. Plant, p. 8.

This genus is allied to the nyctanthes, Jyrlnga, olea, llgujlrum, phillyrea, and jajmlne, but, in oft of all, to the flower bear- ing fraxlnus. There is only one known fpecies of it.

CHIVES, a name given to a fpecies of onion. See the ar- ticle Onion, Suppi.

Chives is alfo a name given to the {lamina of plants. See Sta- mina, SuppL

CHLOREUS, a name given to a bird of the thrufh kind, otherwife called galbula. See Galbula.

CHOCOLATE-//vc, in botany. See the article Cacao, Suppi.

CHOUGH, coracias, a bird of the corvus kind, no where fo frequent with us as in Cornwall, and thence called the cor- nifh chough. See the article Coracias, SuppL

CHRENECRUDA, a term occurring in writers of the middle age, and exprefling a ctiftom of thofe times, but its nullifi- cation is doubtful. It is mentioned in Lege Sallca, Tit. 6r. which fays, he who kills a man, and hath not wherewithal to fatisfy the law, or pay the fine, makes oath that he has delivered up every thing he was pollened of; the truth of which muft be confirmed by the oaths of twelve other per- fons. Then he invites his next relations by the father's fide to pay ofF the remainder of the fine, having firft made over to them all his effects by the following ceremony. He goes into his houfe, and taking in his hand a fmall quantity of duff, from each of the four corners, he returns to the door, and with his face inward throws the duft with his left hand over his fhoulders upon his neareft of kin. Which done, he ftrips to his fhirt ; and coming out with a pole in his hand, jumps over the hedge. His relations, whether one or feve- ral, are upon this obliged to pay ofF the compofition for the murder. And if thefe (or any one of them) are not able to pay, iteruih fuper itiwn chrenecruda qui pauperior eft, jaclat, i& ille iotam legem componat. Whence it appears, that chre- necruda jaftare, is the fame with throwing the duft, gathered from the four corners of the houfe. Goldaftus and Spelman translate it viridem herbam, green grafs, from the German gruen kraut, or from the Dutch groen, green, and gritid, grafs. Wendelintis is of a contrary opinion, who thinks that by this word denotari purlficat:sms approbationem, from chrein, pure, chafte, clean ; and keuren, to prove : fo that it muft refer to the oaths of the twelve jurors. Be this as it will, king Childebert reformed this law by a decree, chap. 15. both becaufe it favoured of pagan ceremonies, and by reafon Se- veral perfons were thereby obliged to make over all their effects : De crenecruda lex quam paganoru?n tempore obferva- bant, deinceps nunquam valeat, quia per ipfam cecidit multorum poieftas. Du Conge, GloiT. Lat.

CHRISTMAS -rofe, in botany, the name ufed by fome for a fpecies of black hellebore. Seethe article Helleborus, SuppL

CHRIS TOPHER-&r£. See the article Christophoriana, SuppL

CHR.OASTACES, in natural hiftory, a genus of pellucid gems, comprehending all thofe of variable colours, as view- ed in different lights.

Of this kind are the opal and the afteria, or oculus cati. See the articles Opal and Asteria, SuppL

CHRONOMETER, a term ufed by fome for a kind of clock, or machine, fo contrived as to meafure a (mall part of time very exactly, even to the fixteenth part of a fecond. We have a defcription of one of thefe, made by the in- genious Mr. George Graham, in Defagullers, Experim. Phi- lof. vol. I. p. 375.

A chronometer is of great ufe for meafuring fmall parts of time in aftronomical obfervations, the time of the fall of bodies, the velocity of running waters, &c. But long fpaces of time cannot be meafured by it with fufficient exactnefs, unlefs its pendulum be made to vibrate in a cycloid ; becaufe, otherwife, it is liable to err confiderably, as all clocks are which have fhort pendulums that fwing large arcs of a circle. Id. ibid. p. 376.

CHROSTASJMA, in natural hiftory, the name ufed by Dr. Appej.-**

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Hill for all pellucid gems, which have one fimple and pef= manent appearance in all lights.

Of this kind are the diamond, the carbuncle, the amethyftj the fapphire, the beryl, the emerald, and the topaz. See the articles Diamond, Carbuncle, &c. SuppL CHRYSALIS, in natural hiftory, the name of that ftate other- wife caljed durelia, in which butterflies and feveral other animals pafs the time between their caterpillar or other creeping ftate, and their vvmged one.

In this Hate no creatures afford fo beautiful a variety as- the butterfly kinds _; and they all pafs thro' this middle ftate, with- out one exception.

The figure of the attrelia or chryfalls, generally approaches to that of a cone, or at lean: the hinder part of it is of this fhape ; and the creature, while in this ftate, feems ro have neither legs nor wings, nor has any power of walking. It feems, indeed, to have hardly fo much as life, and^to be reduced to a very imperfectly organized mafs of matter. It takes in no nourifhment in this ftate, nor has it any organs for the taking any ; and indeed its nofterior part is all 'that feems animatedj this having a power of giving itfelf fome motions. The external covering of the chryfalls is cartila- ginous and confiderably large, and is ufually fmooth and glofly ; but fome few of them have a few hairs, fome are alfo as hairy as the caterpillars from which they are produced and others are rough, or, as it were, chagreened all over. In all of thefe there may be diftinguifhed two fides ; the one of which is the back, the other the belly of the animal • and on the anterior part of the latter, there may always be diftinguifhed certain little elevations running in ridges and refembling the fillets wound about mummies. The part whence thefe have their origin, is efteemed the head of the animal ; the other fide or back is fmooth, and is of a round- ed figure in moft of the chryfalifes ; but fome have ridges on the anterior part and fides of this part ; and thefe ufually terminate in a point, and make an angular appearance on the chryfalls.

From this difference is drawn the firft general diftinction of thefe bodies. They are by this divided into two clafTes ; the round and the angular kinds. The firft kind are bv the French naturalifts called alfo fives, from the common cuf- tom of calling the chryfalls of the filk worm, which is round, by this name.

There is fomething more regular in this diftinction alfo than might be at firft conceived ; for the divifion is continued from the fly ftate : the rounded chryfalifes being almoft all produced by the phalena? or moths ; and the angular ones by the pa- pilios or day-flies. There are feveral fubordinate diftinctions of thefe kinds, but in general they are lefs different from one another than the caterpillars from whence they are produced. The head of thofe of the firft clafs, ufually terminates itfelf by two angular parts, which ftand fcparate one from the other, and refemble a pair of horns. In fome thefe horns are bent into the form of crefcents, and turned one towards the other. The elm caterpillar, called the bedaude, is one that furnifhes a chryfalls of this kind j other chryfalifes have only one fuch horn, inftead of two. Thefe horns always give a remarkable figure in their extenfion along the belly of the chryfalls ; and when the bark is examined, there is a very remarkable appearance from the lines which run there, the figure often refembling, very exactly, a human face, or a mafque of fome kind : there is an eminence in the middle of the back, which reprefents a nofe as well as an engraver could have fafhioued it ; and there are always a number of other marks and eminences, which imagination may form into eyes, chin, and the other parts of a face ; and often the refemblance is fo perfect as to furprize the obferver. There are a great variety, and a great deal of beauty in the figures and arrangement of the eminences and fpots on the other parts of the body of the chryfalls of different kinds ; fome have an arrangement of elegant figures all alon^ one fide, and feeming to be a fort of prickles propagated from every ring of the body ; and others have a fecond arrange- ment of thefe fort of ipines, which begin about the end of the figure of the human face, and run quite to the extremity. The chryfalifes that are thus furnifhed, appear actually prick- ly ; and there are fome others which have only a few of thefq prickles on every part; but thefe have ufually two protube- rances on their fides, which have the appearance of the fins of fifties. Thefe and the like varieties in marks and fio-ure, give very plain means of dividing the aurella of the feveral clafles into a number of diftinct genera.

It is a general obfervation, that thole chryfalifes which are ter- minated by a fingle horn, afford day-butterflies of the kind of thofe which have buttoned antennse, and wliofe wings, in a ftate of reft, cover the under part of the body, and which ufe all their fix legs in walking, thofe of many other kinds ufing only four of them. Thofe chryfalifes, which are ter- minated by two angular bodies, and which are covered with a great number of fpines, and have the figure of a human face on their back in the greateft perfection, afford butterflies of the day kind and of that clafs, the characters of which are, their walking on four legs and ufing the other two, that is, the anterior pair, is the manner of arms or hands. The D chryfahfdf