Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/823

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BiRD-lhne. See LiME-twigs, Suppl.

IVater-BiRV-lime. See LlME-twigs, Suppl.

Bird's ?iej}, in botany, a name ufed by fome for the daunts, or carrot. See the article Daucus, SuppL

Bird)* pepper, a name given to thtsceig/uitm, 'ox Guinea pep- per. See the article Capsicum, SuppL

Bird's tongue. Sec Lingua avis, SuppL

BIRTH (Cycl. and SuppL)— Difficult Birth. See the article Delivery, SuppL

BISHOP'j weed, in botany, the Englifh name of the ammi. See the article Ammi, SuppL

BITTER (SuppL) — Bitters arefaid to refift putrefaction and mo- derate fermentation : hence appears their ufe inputrid diforders. Bitters likewife correct acidities, and aflift digeftion, by bracing the fibres of the ftomach.

BiTTER-fweet, in botany, the Englifh name of the folanum fcandcns, or climbing nightfhade. See the article Solanum, Suppl.

Bitter vetch, the Englifh name of the orobus. See the article Orobus, Suppl.

Bitter wort, the Englifh name for the gentiana of authors. Seethe article Gentiana, Suppl.

BLACK berry, the Englifh name of a genus of plants called by authors r«4«. See the article Ruisus, Suppl.

BLAcK-bind-weed, or BLACK-uryony, a name given to the tam- nus of authors. See the article Tamnus, Suppl.

Bl ACK-t/mru, a name ufed by fome for the primus fylvejlris, or floe-tree. See the article Prunus, Suppl.

BLADDER-Aim. See the article Lotus, infra.

Bladder-;;!,*, in botany, the Englifh name of the f/aphyhden- dron. See the article Staphylodendron, Suppl.

African Bladder-;;;^, a name given to the royena of LinnKUs. See the article Royena, Suppl.

Laurel-leaVed-BLABDER-nut, the name ufed by fome for the Do- donasa of Linnaeus. See the article DodoNjEA, Suppl.

Bladder-/?™, a name given by fome to the colutea. See the article Colutea. Suppl.

BLA r FA hyzantia, in the materia medica. See the article U n g u I s odoraius, Suppl.

BLEEDING, (Suppl.) according to Dr. Pringle, is the molt in- difpenfible of all remedies in inflammatory difeafes ; to the delaying of which too long, or not repeating it, are chiefly owing the bad confequences of colds, as dangerous fevers, rheumatifms, and confumptions. He obferves farther, that, in general, young practitioners are apt to be too fparing in Jetting blood, by which means many lives arc loft : for a fur- geon may be affined a foldier will never complain of a cough, or pains with inflammatory fymptoms, wherein Heeding is not necefl'ary ; and from the fizinefs of the blood, and continu- ance of the complaints, he is ta judge of the neceflity of re- peating it, which, in cafe of a ftitch, or difficult breathing, is never to be delayed. In inflammatory cafes, from twelve to fifteen ounces may be taken for the firft Heeding, and fome- what lefs for all the reft ; and when it is necefl'ary to exceed this quantity, it may be proper to follow Cell'us's rule, in minding the colour of the blood whilft it flows, and when it is of a blackifh caft, which is always the cafe in difficult breathing and great inflammations, to let it run till it be- comes more florid. In all cafes where plentiful Heeding is in- dicated, it is beft to do it in bed, to prevent fainting ; and we may obferve, that a peribn will bear the lofs of a much greater quantity of blood if the ftream is fmall, than by a large ori- fice, which fome have thought necefl'ary for making a more fpeedy revulfion.

Bleeding is highly neceffary in the phrenitis, ophthalmia, quinfey, rheumatifm, cough, hectic fits, and, in general, in all inflammatory cafes. See Pringle's Obfervations on the Dif- eafes of the Army, paffim.

It is to be obferved, however, that, in malignar : and putrid diforders Heeding frequently renders them more malignant, and therefore to be omitted, or at lead not repeated unlefs there appear evident marks of inflammation. See the articles Malignant fever, Bilious fever, Dysentery, cffV.

BLISTERS (Suppl.) are often necefl'ary in inflammatory dif- orders, as the phrenitis, ophthalmia, quinfey, pleurify, tsfc. as well as in chronic diftempers, fuch as palfies, &e. See Phrenitis, Ophthalmia, csV. Suppl.

BLITE, in hufbandry. See the articles Blight and Rubigo, Suppl.

BLOIS, Bole of Blois, Bolus Blefenfis. See the article Ble-

SEN/SIS bolus, Suppl. BLOOD (Suppl. J — In order to afcertain the colour of thedifferent parts of corrupted Hood, Dr. Pringle made the following experi- ment. Hetookafreih quantity without any inflammatory cruft, and divided it into the crafi'amentum, the ferum with a few red globules in it, and the pure ferum. The phials containing thefc feveral liquors were put into a furnace, where they ftood fome days, till they became thoroughly putrid. The craffamentum was changed from a deep crimfon to a dark livid colour ; fo that when any portion of it was diluted with water, it appeared of a tawney hue. Of the fame colour was the ferum in which the red globules remained. But the pure ferum, after becoming turbid, dropped a white purulent fediment, and changed into a faint olive green.

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BOA

From this experiment he concludes, that the ichor of fordes, and that of dyfentery fluxes, coufifts of the ferum tinged with a fmall quantity of red blood putrificd ; and that when the fe- rous veffels are of a tawney caft, we are not to refer that co- lour to inflammation, but to a fudden folution of fome of the red globules mixed with the ferum.

A few drops of this putrid craffamentum was mixed with the recent urine of a healthy perfon, which it immediately chang- ed into a flame-coloured water, common in fevers and in the fcurvy. After {landing an hour or two, the fame gathered a cloud, reiembling what is feen in the crude urine of perfons in acute diftempers.

As to a green ferum, it is perhaps never to be feen in the vef- fels of a living body, fince it is not to be fuppofed that a per- fon could furvive fo great a change of the blood. In foul ulcers, indeed, and in other fores, where the ferum is left to ftagnate long, the matter is found of a greenifh colour, and is then al- ways acrimonious. But the effefls of a green ferum is no where to be fo much dreaded as in the cafe of an afcites, where it is colleaed in fo large a quantity. Of which we had, fome time fince, almoft a fatal inftance in Mr. Cox, furgeon at Pe- terborough, who, upon tapping a woman but a few hours af- ter death, was fo aft'eaed with the poifonous fteams of aoreen ferum, that he was prefently feized with a peftilential fever, and narrowly efcaped with his life.

In regard to the fediment which the ferum dropped on be- coming turbid, and which refembled well digefted matter, the doaor thinks it a terreftrial fubftance, intended for the nourish- ment or reparation of the folid ; in which opinion he was the more confirmed by obferving a like fediment in the urine of men in perfect health: and therefore concludes that the pus, or digefted matter of fores, is nothing but this fubftance fe- parated from the ferum of the blood. And hence it is that all large ulcers are extremely weakening, from the great exDence of blood in furnifhing this fubftance. Hence alfo it is* that iflues are of more confequence for making drains, than one would expea from the vifible evacuation : as near as the do- Sor could guefs, an ounce of ferum, after (landing fome days, not furnifhing more of this matter than what miditbe produced in the daily difcharge of a large pea-iflue, or from a feton. Pringle, Obferv. on Difeafes of the Army, Append, p. 386, feq. Experim. xlv.

There are frequent inftances of the tawney colour of the ferum, the refolution of the craffamentum, and even of the oftenfive fmell of blood recently drawn. And, indeed, if we reflea how putrefcent blood is in a heat equal to that of the human body, we maybe convinced, that no fooiier is the perfpiration by the lungs impeded, than a corruption begins in the whole mafs ; which, if not timely prevented, brings on fome putrid dif- eafe. If the acrimony is great and fudden, a fever or flux will enfue ; but if the accumlation is fo flow that the body grows habituated to the putrefaaion, a fcurvy prevails. This is the cafe in long voyages, on board unventilated fliips ; in marftiy countries ; and, in a leffer degree, in all northerly climates, in moiil fituations. Id. p. 400.

BLooD-yWr, in botany, the Englifh name of the hamanthus. Seethe article HiEMANTHUS, Suppl.

BLOWER, among dealers in horfes, a term ufed for fuch horfes as wheeze much, without wanting wind. See the article Wheezing, Suppl.

BOAR (Suppl. J The wilder, among the huntfmen, has feveral names, according to its different ages ; the firft year it is called a pig of the founder ; the fecond it is called a hog ; the third, a hog-fleer ; and the fourth, a boar ; when leaving the faunder he is called a fmgler or J 'angler.

The boar generally lives to twenty-five or thirty years, if he efcapes accidents. The time of going to rut is in December, and lafts about three weeks. They feed on all forts of fruits, and on the roots of many plants ; the root of fern in particu- lar feems a great favourite with them : and when they fre- quent places near the fca coafts, they will defcend to the lhores and demolifli the tenderer fhell-fifh in very great numbers. Their general places of reft are among the thickeft buflies that can be found, and they are not eafily put up out of them, but will Hand the bay a long time. In April and May they fleep more found than at any other time of the year, and this is therefore the fuccefsful time for the taking them in the toils. When a boar is rouzed out of the thicket, he always goes from it, if poflible, the fame way by which he came to it ; and when he is once up, he will never ftop till he comes to fome place of more fecurity. If it happens that a faunder of them are found together, when any one breaks away, the reft all fol- low the fame way. When the boar is hunted in the wood, where he was bred, he will fcarce ever be brought to quit it ; lie will fometimes make toward the fides to liften to the noife of the dogs, but retires into the middle again, and ufually dies or efcapes there. When it happens that a hoar runs a-head, he will not be ftopt, or put out of his way by man or beaft, fo long as he has any ftrength left. He makes no doubles nor Groffings when chafed ; and when killed makes no noife, if an old boar ; the fows and pigs will fqueak when wounded.

The feafon for hunting the wild boar begins in September and ends in December, when they go to rut. If it be a large boar,

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