Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/822

 B I L

B I R

Z^rffr-BEETLE, the Englifh name of a genus of beetles, called by Dr. Hill dytifcus. See the article Dytiscus, Append.

BELI oculus, in natural hiftory. See Oculus beli, Suppl.

BiiLL-fawer, in botany, the Englifh name of a genus of plants, called by authors campanula. See the article Cam- panula, Supfl.

BELL-pcppcr, in botany, a name ufcd by fome for the capficum. See the article Capsicum, Suppl.

Bells, or Canterbury Bells, in botany, a name given to the campanula. See Campanula, Suppl.

Hair-BELLSy in botany, a name given to the hyacinth. See the article Hyacinth, Suppl.

BKLLY -ach-weed, in botany, a name given to the ricinoides. See the article Ricinoides, Suppl.

BELMUSK, or Abelmosch, in botany, names ufed for the ketmia. Seethe article Ketmia, Suppl.

BENJAMIN-/?w, in botany, the name of a fpecies of laurus, according to Linnaeus, with deciduous leaves, without ribs, of an obverfely oval figure. See the article Laurus, Ap- pend.

It is a native of the Eaft and Weft Indies, and is called by many late writers arbor limonii folio >, benzoinum fundem, by reafon benzoin is procured from it. See Benzoin, Suppl.

BENNET-/w£, herba benediSla, a name ufed by fome for the caryophyllata, or avens. See Caryophyllata, Suppl.

BERBERRY, or Barberry-£k/2>, in botany. See the ar- ticle Berberm, Suppl.

BERNARD the hermit, the Englifh name of a fpecies of J quill. See the article Squilla, Append.

BETHLEHEMyfor, in botany, a name given to the ornitho- galum. See the article Ornithqgalum, Suppl.

BILtQNY (Suppl.) — /^tffrr-BETONY, a name given to the fro- phularia, or fig-wort. See the article Scrophularia, Suppl,

B&ZOAR-goat, a name ufed for the Indian antelope, or ga- zella, on account of the bezoarfhne found in its ftomach. See Gazella, Suppl.

BIFOL, in botany, a name given by fome to the ophris, or twyblade. See the article Ophris, Suppl.

BILBERRY, in botany, an Englifh name given to the vacci- mum, or v'ttis idaa of authors, catted alfo the whortk-berry. See Vitis idesa, Suppl.

BILE (Cycl.) — The influence of bile upon the animal ceco- nomy is allowed to be very great. By its fermentative qua- lity, it promotes digeftion ; in which refpect, it differs wide- ly from vegetable bitters, which are retarders of fermenta- tion. Vid. Pringle, Obferv. on the Difeafes of the Army,

P- 377-

However, in one thing, it agrees with them, viz. as a cor- rector of acidities. Id. ibid. p. 378. ,

Bile fpeedily corrupts, but not to fuch an high or ofFenfive degree as the blood or fibrous parts of the body. To this corruption of the bile, as one caufe, Dr. Pringle attributes the paroxyfms in bilious fevers : nay, all bilious diforders, as the cholera morbus, dyfentery, &c. are thought to be chiefly owing to, a redundance or corruption of the bile. Hence, the reafon why thefe diforders are moft frequent in hot coun- tries, and in armies when much expofed to the fun, is, that the bile, if not more abundant, is in fuch circumftances more corrupted than ufual. Id. ibid. p. 184. 74. BILIOUS fever (Suppl.)— Dr. Pringle, inhisObfervationsonthe Difeafes of the Army, remarks, that the bilious or putrid fever is epidemic in camps, efpecially in low and marfhy countries, where the air being full of moift and putrid effluvia, tends to relax the fibres and promote putrefaction. As to the fymp- toms of the bilious fever, it always begins with chillnefs and laffitude, pains of the head and bones, and a diforder at the ftomach. At night the fever runs high ; the heat and thirft are great ; the tongue is parched ; the head aches violently ; the perfen gets no reft, and often becomes delirious ; but ge- nerally in the morning an imperfect fweat brings on a remif- fion of all the fymptoms. In the evening the paroxyfm re- turns, but without any cold fit, and is commonly worfe than the former: on the fecond morning it remits as before. Thefe periods go on, daily, 'till the fever changes infenfibly, either info a confirmed or into an intermitting fhape. Sometimes loofe ftools carry off the fit, and lupply the place of fweats : however, tho' it refembles an ague in many particulars, yet it is rare to meet with a real ague in the camp, unlefs the perfon has been ill of it before he took the field. The re- jniffions ufually appear from the beginning, efpecially if the patient has been plentifully blooded : but fometimes there are no remiflions for the laft two or three days. Hsemorrhao-es of the nofe happen frequently in the height of the paroxyfm, and always bring on the rem'iffion (boner and make it fuller. Vomiting or purging have the like effects. The fits are fel- dom preceded by fhiverings, or any fenfe of cold after the firft attack ; the pulfe is always full and quick during the paroxyfms, and in the remiflions it ftill indicates fome de- gree of fever. The blood is florid, the crafTamentum is firm, in large quantity, and finks in the ferum. Whilft the wea- ther continues warm, the bilious fymptoms are moft frequent, but as winter approaches, the inflammatory ones prevail. See Inflammatory. The doctor enumerates other fymptoms, as crudenefs of the

urine, bilious ftools, coftivenefs, &c. and farther obferves, that the infantry are more liable to it than the cavalry. As to the cure of the camp-fever, before it becomes continued it depends upon the proper ufe of evacuations, the neutral falts, and the bark. Bleeding he judges indilpenfible ; which he would have repeated once or oftner, according to the ur- gency of the fymptoms. After bleeding it will be neceflary to give an emetic, the beft time for doing which is in the remiflion of the fever, and rather fooner after a paroxyfm than before one. He adds, however, that vomits do harm when the ftomach is any wife inflamed ; in which cafe they ought never to be given. Ipecacuanha is the fafeft and ea- fieft, but antimonials make the moft efficacious vomit. If the body remains coftive, it is neceflary to open it with fome lenient phyfic ; and especially if the bowels are affected with pains, or a tenefmus. He Iikewife recommends fait of worm- wood, lemon-juice, fpiritus mindereri, and the bark; which laft ought not to be given till the urine breaks, and the in- termiflions take place. Bleeding and purging are alfo ne- ceflary before the bark ought to be given : it anfwers beft in fubftance adminiftered in rhenifh wine, after {landing a night in infuiion.

If, after remiflions or intermiffions, the difeafe changes into a continued fever, bleeding becomes neceflary, unlefs other fymptoms forbid it ; but whether there be room for bleed- ing or no, blifters are not only ufeful, but the beft remedy. To thefe may be joined the neutral falts and diaphoretic powders. But, tho' a fweat be the proper crifis, it ouo-ht never to be promoted by theriaca, or the like hot medicines ; unlefs the pulfe mould fink and the petechia or other bad fymptoms appear : in which cafe the warmer alexipharmics are neceflary, as the difeafe has changed into a malignant fever. Pringle, Obferv. on Difeafes of the Army, p, i6< and 202. feq. See Malignant catarrhal Fever, Suppl. and Malignant, Append.

BILOCULAR, in botany, is applied to a capfule having two cells. See Capsule, Cycl.

BlND-weed (Suppl.) — Black-BiKn-weed, a name fometimes forufed the tamnus. See the article Tamnus, Cycl.

Pricily-BiKD-weed, a name given to the fmilaxot authors. See the article Smilax, Suppl. '

Sea-BiND-wecd, the Englifh name of adiftinct genus of plants, called by botanifts foldanclla. See the article Soldanella Suppl.

BINN, (Suppl) or Bin, the peafe and whole oatmeal, ufed at Sea, and which are apt to fpoil in cafks, Dr. Hales pro- pofes to prevent this, by putting them into large bins, with falfe bottoms of hair clothes laid on bars, whereby frefh air may be blown upwards thro' them, at proper times, with fmall ventilators. See Ventilator, Append.

BINOMIAL (Cycl.)—Impotftb!c Binomial, in algebra, is ufed for a binomial, one of the terms of which is an impof- fible quantity. Thus, a -f- y' — bb, is an impofftble binomial.

Binomial furd is ufed for a binomial, the terms of which are furds ; as, */ a -f- »/ b, or a m -\-b»>, if m and n be frac- tions. The term binomial furd, is alfo applied to any quan- tity having a rational part and a furd part, as 25 -f- */ 968. For the extraction of roots of binomial furds, fee Newtou*s Arithmetica Univerfalis, and Mac Laurin's Algebra, p. 114— 130.

Binomial curve is ufed for a curve, the ordinate of which is exprefled by a binomial. Thus if the ordinate of a curve be

a N *

of this form xX e+fx +, the curve is called a binomial curve. Stirling, Method, differ, p. 58.

Binomial theorem is often ufed to fignify Sir Ifaac Newton's theorem for raifing a binomial to any power, or for extracting any root of a binomial. See Root, Suppl,

BIOTA, in zoology, a name introduced by Dr. Hill for the polype. See the article Polype, Suppl.

It is of a cylindric figure, but variable j the tentacula are arranged in a fingle feries round the aperture of the mouth, at the extremity of the body. There are feveral fpecies of this animal.

Linnaeus calls this creature hydra, no doubt, from the repro- duction or repullulation of the parts, when cut off ; and this name, biota, is Iikewife given it on the fame account, being derived from (3to?, life.

BIRCH (Suppl.) — BiRCH-tree of America, a name given by fome to the terebinthus, or turpentine-tree. See Terebin- th us, Suppl.

BIRD (Cycl. and Suppl, )-*—Admijftve Birds, aves admijftva, in the augural fcience of the antients, were birds of a happy omen, which denoted the approbation of the gods in an enter- prize. Danet.hex. invoc. Baxt. Glofl*. p, 35. feq. In which fenfe aves admiffha ftand oppofed to arciva aves.

Bird's cherry, in botany, the Englifh name of a genus of plants, called by Linnaeus padus. See Padus, Append.

Bird's eye, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, called by authors adonis fas. See the article Adonis yfej, Suppl.

Bird's foot, the Englifh name of a genus of plants, called by authors ornithopodium. See the article Ornithopqdium, $«£/>/.

Bird's foot trefoil, a name given to fome fpecies of lotus. See the article Lotus, Suppl.

Bird-