Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/819

 ANT

Foffik Bones, Foffile Shells, Marine remains, and Feffilc Ivory, Suppl.

Fermentative quality of Animal fubflances. See Ferment and Fermentation, Append,

ANIMALCULES (Suppl.) —Br. Hill, in his hiftory of animals, has arranged animalcules under three clafles : i. Such as have no tails, nor any vifible limbs. 2. Thofe which have tails, but no vifible limbs. And 3. Thofe which have vilible limbs. Seethe article Animalcule, Cycl. and Suppl. The firft clafs, which he calls gyrnnia, contains feveral ge- nera : 1. The enchelides, of a cylindric or fubcylindric figure. 2. The cyclidia, of a round ifli or elliptic figure. 3. The paramecia, of an irregular oblong figure. 4. The crajfpeda- ria, with an apparent mouth and a feries of fimbria: round it, in manner of a fringe.

The fecond clafs, or thofe with tails but no vifible limbs, he calls cercaria ; of which there are only two genufes : 1. The cercaria, with tails ihorter than their bodies, and therefore called bracburi. 2. The cercaria, with tails longer than their bodies, and hence called macrocerci.

The third and laft clafs contains fuch animalcules as have vi- fible limbs, and thence denominated arthrodia. There are only two genera belonging to this clafs : 1. The fcelafms, an animalcule with vifible legs. 2. The brachionus, or wheel- animal, an animalcule furnifhed with an apparatus of arms for talcing its prey. Htll, Hift. Anim. p. 1. feq.

ANIMI deliquium, fainting or fwooning, in medicine. Seethe articles Lipothymia and Swooning, Suppl.

ANNULATA, in zoology, the name of a fpecies of coluber. See the article Coluber, Append.

ANT -bear, in zoology, the Englilh name of the myrmecophaga of Linnseus. See the article Myrmecophaga, Suppl.

ANTHERICUM, in the Linnaean fvftem of botany, the name of a genus of plants, called by Tourncfort phalangium, and in Englifh fpider-woYt. See the article Phalangium, Suppl.

ANTHORA, in botany. See Aconite, Cycl.

ANTHOSPERMUM; in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : the cup is a one-leaved perianthium, divided into four fegments reaching more than half way down ; there is no corolla ; the ftamina are four capillary filaments, of the length of the cup ; the anthers are two in number, oblong and quadrangular ; and the ger- men of the piftil ftands below the receptacle of the flower. The male and female flowers are ibmetimes fituate on the fame plant, but more frequently on different plants of the fame fpecies ; in which laft cafe, the female flowers have the piftil and germen, but want the ftamina. Vid. Litmai. Gen. Plant, p. 496.

ANTIMONY (Suppl.) — The needles perceived in antimony, are, according to Monfieur Geoffroi, owing to the vitriolic - acid united to a bitumen. See Mem. Acad. Scienc. An. 1734. p. 418.

EJfence of Antimony, an emetic wine made with glafs of an- timony ; to which is fometimes added a fpicy ftomachic. Dr. Huxham fays, he never found any aritimomal prepara- tion better, fafer, and more efficacious than this fimplc in- fufion of the glafs of antimony in a generous white wine, with a little fpice to render it more grateful to the ftomach. This medicine given to twenty or thirty drops operates by o-entle fweats, and purges in larger dofes very mildly. The judi- cious phyfician here mentioned, recommends it in obftinate rheumatifms. ANTIQUARY (Suppl)— Since the printing this article, the fociety of antiquaries have been incorporated, by the king's charter. ANTISEPTIC, an appellation given to fuch fubftances as refift putrefaction. See Putrefaction, Append. We have feme curious experiments in relation to antifeptic fub- ftances by Dr. Pringle, who has afcertained their feveral virtues. Thus, in order to fettle the antifeptic virtue of falts, he com- pared it with that of common fea-falt; which being one of the weakeft, he fuppofes equal to unity, and exprefles the proportional ftrength of the reft by higher numbers, as in the following table.

Salts, their antifeptic virtue.

Salts, their antifeptic virtue.

Sea-falt —

I

Saline mixture

3

Sal gemmae

1+

Nitre —

4+ 4+

Tartar vitriol a ted

2

Salt of hartfhorn

Spiritus mindereri

2

Salt of wormwood

4+

Tartarus folubilis

2

Borax —

12+

Sal diureticus



Salt of amber

20-f-

Crude fal ammoniac

3.

Alum —

3°+

In this table the proportions are marked in integral numbers only to ibme there is added the fign -f, to fhew, that thofe falts are poffeffed of a ftronger antifeptic virtue than the num- ber in the table expreffes, by fome fraffion ; unlefs in the three laft, where the fame fign imports, that the fait may be ftronger by fome units. Vid. Pringle's Obferv. on the Difeafes of the Army, Append, p. 322. feq. Some refinous and other fubftances even exceed the antifeptic virtues of the neutral falts ; thus myrrh, afa fcetida, terra japonica and aloes, are at leaft twelve times more antifeptic than fea-falt. Two grains of camphor is equivalent to fixty

A P P

grains of that fait. An infufion of a few grains of Vir- ginian (hake-root, in powder, exceeds twelve times its weight ot lea-Ialt. Ulamamiile flowers have nearly the fame ex- traordinary quality. The jefuits bark has it alfo. Befides thelc, pepper, ginger, faffron, contrayerva-root, are twelve times moce'mtifipiic thanfea-file. Dried fage, rhubarb, the root of the wild valerian, mint, angelica, ground-ivy, fena green-tea, red-rofes, wormwood, muftard and horfe-raddifh' were likewife found more antifeptic than the ftandard. To the clafe of antifeptic medicines may likewife be added fermented liquors, acids, fpirits, and even thofe plants called anti-acids, and erroneoufly fuppofed hafteners of putrefac- tion, particularly horfe-raddifh. Now vegetables, poffeffin* this virtue, are the more valuable, in that, being ufually freS of acrimony, they may be taken in much greater quantities, than either fpirits, acids, refins, or even the neutral falts. Annfeptics are prefcrihed in all putrid, malignant, and pe- ftikntial cafes. It is to be remarked, however, that different- kinds of them are to be given in different difeafes, and even in different ftages of the fame difeafe. Thus, the bark is a fpeqfic in a gangrene, when the veffels are relaxed and the blood refolved or difpofed to putrefaaion ; but will fail, if the veffels are too full, or the blood be too thick. With the fame caution is the bark to be ufed in wounds, viz. chiefly in cafes of abforbed matter, when it infects the humours, and brings on a heclic fever.

By the great antifeptic virtue of alum, the bark, and other aftnngents, it fllould fecm, that aftriaion had no fmall (hare in the cure of putrid diforders ; and, indeed, the very na- ture of putrefaaion confifts in a reparation or difunion of the parts. But as aftringents are improper to be adminifrered in many cafes, contrayerva-root, fnake-root, camphor, &c. may fupply their place ; which, tho' highly antifeptic, have very little, or any, of an aftringent quality. Id. ibid. Ap- pend, paffim. APAGOGE, in logic. See Abduction, Cycl, APE, fimia, in zoology. See the article Simia, Suppl. Apes. See Apis infra.

APHIS, in the hiftory of infefls, the name of a genus of ani- mals, otherwife called pediculus arboreus, and in Englifh the tree-hufe.

The trunk of the aphis is reflex ; the body is formed into two horns behind ; the wings are four, and ere3, or alto- gether wanting ; and the legs are formed for walking not leaping.

Of this genus there are a great many fpecies, denominated from the. trees or bufhes on which they are found. Vid. Hill's. Hift. of Anim. p. 65. APHRODITA, in the hiftory of infers, a genus of fea-in- fefls about two inches in length and one in breadth, of an oval figure, and aculeated ; it has alfo a perforation in the middle of the back, and is called in Englifh the fea-moufe. It is one of the gymnarthrodia,. or infecta with naked bodies, and may be met with in great abundance on the Kentifh, coaft, among rocks. There are feveral fpecies of it. Vid. Hill's Hift. of Anim. p. go.

Columna calls it Pudendum regale ; Bartholine, vermis aureus; others, eruca marina grifeo-fufca ; and fome, mus marinus, or the fea-moufe. APIS, or Apes, in zoology, a large genus of four-winged in- feas, the diftinguilhing charaaeriftic of which is, that their wings are entirely membranaceous, and their tails furnifhed with a weapon, or fting, capable of inflifiing a wound. This genus comprehends the bee, hornet, wafp, and humble- bee. See the articles Bee, Hornet, Wasp, Suppl. For the hiftory of the bee, in particular, fee alfo the articles Bee- vjorm, Wax,' Honey, cVc. Suppl. APOSTAC Y, ( Cycl. ) —Apojtacy is (aid to have been antiently punifhable, in England, by burning and tearing to pieces by horfes. Thus Fleta 1. 1. 'c. 37. §. 2. Apajlatx £*" facrilegi, ejf bujufmodi, detrattari debent et comburi. And §. 4. Si inde convincantur, detratlentur, et fufpendantur. Where Du Cange interprets, detraclari, by tirer a quatre cbevaux. APPLE (Suppl.) — Cii/fair/- Apple, in botany, a name given by

fome to the anona. See the article Anona, Suppl. Sea-AppLZ, in zoology, the Englifh name of a fpecies of cen- tronia, or fea-hedge-'hog. See the article Centronia, Ap- pend. Sour Apple, in botany, a name given by fome authors to fe- veral fpecies of anona, called by Plumier guanabanus. See the article Anona, Suppl. Star-APPLE, the Englilh name of a genus of plants, called by Plumier cainito, and defcribed by Linnjeus under that of chry- fophyllum. See Chrysophyllum, Append. Thorn Apple, the Englifh name of a genus of plants, called by authorsJlra?ncnium. See the article Stramonium, Suppl. APTERIA, in the hiftory of infeas, a claffical name com- prehending all thofe infeas which have no wings. See the article Insect, Append.

This feries is divided into two claffes : r. Such as have nei- ther wings nor limbs, called aptcria anarthra. And 2. Such ashavelimbs, but no wings, called apteria podaria. Seethe ar- ticles Anarthra and Podaria, Append. ARACHIDNA, in botany, the name ufed by fome authors*

for