Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/801

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Thcfe are all the medicines that the farrier need carry with him on account of Wounds ; and they are all fuch as may be prepared at home, and will continue good fo long as he has occafion to keep them, or much longer ; and what is left of one year will ferve for others.

When the neceflary applications are thus fettled, it may not be improper to add the general rules by which they conduct thcmfelves in the cure.

I. The Wound muft be probed at firft, but very gently, and afterwards as gently and as fcldom as may be, for the horfes flefli is the moft eafy of all others to be contufed in wounded parts, and to fall into a gangrene from the hurt. 2. The Wound muft be kept continually as clean as poflible, and free from proud flefh. 3. The neceflary revulfion muft always be made by bleeding, as foon as the Wound is drefled the firft time ; this prevents inflammation, and a great many other bad accidents. 4. If the Wound be in fuch a place, that the horfe can get at it with his tongue to lick it, great care muft be taken to prevent his doing fo, as it will greatly retard the cure. 5, The farrier is never to proceed to fuppuration in any cafe in which the humours can be either diflblved or repelled, and efpecially in parts that are full of ftnews and ligaments, or that arc near the bones. 6. If a Wound be accompanied with a great contufion, or if it be of a round or circular figure, inci- lions are often neceflary about its edges, and fometimes the application of cauftics. 7. The Wound muft be always care- fully covered, for the accefs of the air retards the cure. 8. The callous lips of a Wound muft always be cut to the quick, be-

. fore thefe can be united together, Thefe may ferve for gene- ral rules, that hold good in all cafes ; and to thefe may be ad- ded fome that are principally applicable to peculiar circum- ftances of the Wounds.

Wounds of the breaft are to be cured with tents and folds of foft linnen laid over them, fteeped in the following mixture : Take verdegreafe, vitriol, and alum, of each one ounce ; vinegar eight ounces, honey a pound ; let all thefe be boiled together till they become red. Wounds in the belly can only be cured by fowing up the peritonaeum with ftrong woollen thread, not filk, leaving the extremities without the fldn. The fkirt is to be fowed together with a ftrong hempen thread Waxed, joining the lips of the Wound together, by this means, in form of a buckle. This is to be covered with the common ointment for Wounds ; and if an inflammation comes on, chalk diflblved in vinegar is to be added.

If the Wound be fuch that the guts come out at it, the horfe may ftill be recovered, if proper caution be ufed : the guts are to be immediately returned into their place ; but they muft not in this be touched with the hand, but with a fponge dipped in warm water. And, in order to the making them more readily get into their places, it is proper to make the creature vomit, by thrufting down his throat a feather dipped in oil. If the Wound through which they fell is not big enough to return them eaflly by, it muft be enlarged by cut- ting ; but if the guts are found to be bruifed or wounded, it is in vain to attempt any thing, for death muft follow. There is alfo a certainty of death when, after a Wound of any kind in the belly, the horfe voids blood at the fundament. When a horfe is wounded near the groin, he eaiily falls into convulfions ; in this cafe he is to be kept from drinking as much as poflible : he is alfo to be covered well up, and kept quiet, and to have green things given him to eat. Wounds on the knees are very difficult of cure, becaufe the part is in motion almoft continually, and there is very little flefh to work upon. When the Wounds are but flight, and in the mufcular parts of the body, a mixture of honey and tallow, boiled together, will often prove a cure ; when the Wound is more confiderable, turpentine melted in a little common oil, and applied hot, is the general remedy. If a wound happen between the fhoe and the hoof, care muft be taken that no foreign matter be left in it, and it muft be drefled with any of the ointments that have verdegreafe in them ; and a charge of bruifed elder-leaves is very proper to be applied over all. If the Wound be deep and narrow, it muft be enlarged at the orifice, and turpentine- and wax, melted in lard, muft be poured into it. The fame rule of opening the orifice holds good in all deep and narrow Wounds,

If a nerve happens to be cut, it muft be clofed, and a de- fenfative muft be applied, to prevent a concourfe of humours to the part ; a fomentation made of oil, wine, and honey, mixed together, is alfo very proper, wherever a nerve is hurt, and a pultice may be applied over all, made of marfhmallow- roots boiled foft, with bread and milk. If the horfe happens to be wounded by a piece of wood, bone, or any other hard fubftance, part of which remains in the Wound, this muft be carefully taken out, whatever pain it may coft the creature to do it, and the Wound muft then be drefled with the common //W^-ointments. In this, or any other cafe of a frcfli Wound, the wafhing it with oil of turpen- tine, is an excellent method of preventing ill confequences.

WRASSE, in zoology, the name of a fifh called by authors, turdus vulgaris, and by fome tinca-mar'ma, the fea-tench. It very much rcfembles the common frefh-water tench in fi- gure, and is covered with large fcales. Its ufual fize is about Suppl. Vol. II.

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five or fix inches in length. Its colour is very variable ; red, yel ow, and brownifh, being very frequently mixed in the lcaies ; and it has five or fix longitudinal lines, alternately of a pale yellow, an olive-colour, and a dufky red. Its nofe is long, and bent upwards, and it has thick and flefhy lips ex- tended over the jaws. Its mouth is finall, and its teeth not very fharp ; its tail is not forked. The membranes of the fins and tail are variegated with red and blue fpots, and the anterior rays of the back-fin are prickly. It is caught in plenty on the Englifh fhores, and is fold among the poorer fort of people in Wales and Cornwall ; but is not efteemed a very delicate fifti. Willughbfs Hift. Pifc. p. 320.

WRECK (6>/.)_ Wreck, in metallurgy, a veffel in which the third wafhing is given to the ores of metals. In Cornwall, when the tin ore has been twice wafhed, they take the head tin, or that part of the tin ore that lies uppermoft, out of the buddle, and throwing it into this veflel, they pour water on it, and. work it about with wooden rakes, till it is cleared from whatever other extraneous matter there may ftill have remained mixed with it, and is, after this, fit for the blowing-houfe to be run into metal. Ray's Englifh Words, p. 122.

WREN. See the article Jenny-^ys.

Crefted Wren. See the article Regulus Criflatus.

WR INGLE- Tail, a name given by the people of feveral parts of England, to the cur-vicauda, a fpecies of bee-flv, very much refembling the bee in fhapc, but having only two wines and no fting.

It is very troublefome to horfes, but does not fuck their blood, but only lays its eggs in their fkins ; it is called in other coun- ties the whame and the barrel-fly.

WRIST (Cycl.)— The carpus or wrijl confifts of eight frnall, unequal, znd irregular bones, all of which, taken together, reprefenta fort of grotto, of an irregular quadrangular figure, and connected principally with the bafis of the radius. Confidered in this manner, the whole connection of them has two fides and four edges : One of the fides is convex and ex-. ternal, the other concave and internal. The convexity of the outnde is pretty regular and even ; but the concavity of the infide has four eminencies, one at each corner. One of the four edges touches the fore-arm, and is as it were the head of the carpus ; another of the edges touches the metacarpus, and may be called the bafis ; the third is toward the point of the radius, and the fourth toward the point of the ulna ; the firft of thefe latter two may be called the frnall edge, the latter the larger.

The bones of the carpus are divided into four rows, the firft of which lies next the fore-arm, the fecond next the metacarpus ; each row confifts of four bones; but the fourth of the firft row lies in a manner out of its rank. Each bone has feveral carti- laginous furfaces for their mutual articulations, and, in fome of them, for their articulations with the radius, and bones of the metacarpus and thumb.

It is to no purpofe to diftinguifli the three ordinary dimenfions in any of thefe bones, except one; but in moft of them we may confiderfix fides, one external, turned towards the con- vex furface of the carpus ; one internal toward the concave furface ; one toward the fore-arm, which may properly be cal- led the brachial fide ; one toward the fingers, to be called the digital fide ; one toward the point of the radius, or the radial fide, and one toward the point of the ulna, or die cubical fide.

Of thefe fides fome are bony, others are cartilaginous or arti- cular ; thefe laft I call fides, the others furfaces, as being por- tions of the carpus's furface in its natural fituation : to diftin- guifli thefe bones from each other, they have been called the firft, fecond, third, and fourth, bones, of the firft or fecond row, beginning to count from the radius or thumb. But Ly- cerus has been at the pains of giving a particular name to each of them.

He calls the firft of the firft row. the osfcapboides, the fecond the os lunate, the third the os cuneiforms, the fourth the os pififorme ; the firft bone of the fecond row the os trapezium, the fecond os trapezoides, the third os magnum, and the fourth os unciforme; all which fee in their proper places. Window's Anatomy, p, 82.

The bones of the carpus are articulated with one another by arthrodia; but the firft row forms a fort of ginglymus with the fecond ; becaufe the head of the os magnum may turn in the cotyloide cavity of the firft row, while the two firft bones of the fecond row Aide upon the digital fide of the os fca- phoides, and the os unciforme in the fame manner on the os cuneiforme.

When all thefe bones are in their natural fituation, a tranfverfe depreflion is formed in the convex fide of the carpus, by which the two rows are diftinguifhed. This depreflion appears moft between the os fcaphoides, and the three laft bones of the fe- cond row, and looks like a fold, by which the fecond row is thrown back upon the firft. The four eminencies on the con- cave fide of the carpus, are for the infertion of a ftrong tranf- verfe ligament. The Inner fubftance of all thefe bones is fpongy, and their fufaces are not very compact. IVinjlovJs Anatomy, p. 85.

6K Wrist