Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/700

 T Y M

T Y M

they return at times with renewed violence, and hurt the brcaft and lungs ; and, in this cafe alfo, if cupping has been frequently ufed, and lately omitted, it muft be had recourfe to again. Purging medicines have the moft fpeedy effects in moift Coughs, and indeed in dry ones they are not always fafe, or, at the moft, very gentle purgations alone are proper in this laft cafe, where there is not a load of attending matter to be evaluated, as in the firft. Sweating medicines are by fome prefcribed in Coughs ; but they have no proper place in any judicious regimen for thefe cafes, unlefs after the Cough is cured, and the matter carried off, when they may perhaps be of fome fervice to compleat the reftoration of the conftitu- tion to its priftine ftate, by an equal diftribution of the hu- mours through the whole body. In fimple Coughs there is occafion for very few medicines, and, m general, inciding things, which difpofe the matter to an eafy evacuation, with gentle laxatives, do the whole bufmefs. The commotions occafioned by humid Coughs are never ex- tremely violent, nor of any great danger, and therefore it is not neceffary to be at any great pains to allay them by opiates ; but thefe are very fuccefsfully given in cafes where the emo- tions are greatly too violent for the quantity of matter, or where they continue after the matter is carried off and eva- cuated. In this cafe the ftorax pill is of great fervice. "Jun- ker's Confp. Med. p. 520. TUTSAN, in botany, £5V. See the article Andros^emum. TUTTI, in the Italian mufic, is ufed to fignify that all the parts are to play together, or to make a full concert. In this fenfe Tutti Itands oppofed to feli or fob. See the arti- cle Solo.

It is often found expreffed by omnes, ripieno, da cape/la, choro, &c. TUTULUS, among the Romans, a manner of dreffing the hair, by gathering it up on the forehead into the form of a tower. Pitifc. in voc. Tutulus likewife fignified a woollen cap with a high top. TUTTY, Cadmia fornacum (Cycl.) — Diofcorides and Pliny differ confiderably in their accounts of this fubftance, though they and all other authors agree in the material part of its hiftory, viz. That it is a recrement of metals collected in the furnaces where they are melted.

Pliny mentions a kind called capnitjs, or the fmoak Cadmia, This is not mentioned by Diofcorides. This Cadmia capnitts was the fineft and moft fubtile of all the kinds ; it was found at the mouths of the furnaces, where the flames burit out on ftirring up the fires.

The botryoide Cadmia was efteemed a very good kind. This was, according to Pliny, of two colours, grey and red. The red, he tells us, was very much the better kind. Diofco- rides-mentions no fuch tiling as a red Cadmia, but only fays, that the grey botryoide kind, when broken, appeared of a rufty colour, and fpotted within. This is the worft kind, ac- cording to Pliny.

Diofcorides no where mentions his red kind, but he names after this a blue fort, which was greatly preferable, and which was white within.

As Pliny does not mention this blue Cadmia, nor Diofcorides the red, it is probable that they are the fame thing, efpecially as both agree in their being the moft excellent kinds. The Greeks had a way of expreffing all things that were blue by the word cyanizufa, or refembling the cyanus in colour. This word Kvccn'/^eax feems to have been the word that Pliny miftouk in his defcription taken from this or fome other Greek author, for the other or better kind of botryoide Cadmia, and reading (pomo-a-Ha-a. for xvemfece, tranflated it red inftead of blue. We have fo many inaccuracies of this kind in Pliny, that it is 1 much better to reconcile his account of the cadmia thus, than to fuppofe he was acquainted with a fpecies of that fubftance, which no body elfc ever knew. TWAITE, in ourold writers, a wood grubbed up and converted

into arable land. Co. Litt. 4. Blount, TWENTY four Men ; Men chofen every half year to redrefs the grievances of the mines and miners ; but every man gene- rally ferves his year when chofen. Houghton's compl. Miner, in the Explan. of the Terms. TWISTED, {Cycl.) in the manege, called in French Bijlournt, is ufed for a horfe reduced to the fame ftate of impotency with a gelding, by the violent wringing or Hvifllng of his tefticlcs twice about; which dries them up, and deprives them of nourifhment. TYGER, or Tiger, Tigris, in zoology. See the article

Tigris. TYING Courfe, among brick-makers. See the article Brick. TYLOS, in zoology, a name by which many authors have called the turdus iliacus, or red-wing. See the article Red- Wing. TYMPANA, Tt^Traw, among the Athenians, a capital pu- nifhment, wherein the criminal being affixed to a pole, was beaten to death with cudgels. Potter. Archasol. Girec. J, 1. c. 25^. T. 1. p. 134, TYMPANOTRIBA, among the antients, a defignation given to an effeminate perfon, who could do nothing but play on the tympanum. Pitifc. in voc.

TYMPANUM [Cycl)*- The Tympanum, or barrel of the ear, fs a cavity irregularly femicircular, the bottom of it being turned inward, and the mouth joined to the circular groove of the external auditory paflage. It has both eminences and cavities obfervable in it. The remarkable eminences are three in number, a large tuberofity lying in the very bottom of the bar- rel, a little toward the back part, and a fmall irregular pyra- mid, fituated a little above the tuberofity, and a little more backward ; the apex of it is perforated by a fmall hole, and on one fide of the bafis, two fmall bony filaments are often found in a parallel fituation. They are feldom found to be wanting, on a careful inveftigation, though their tender ftructure ex- pofes them to be very often broken. In the third eminence is a cavity fhaped like the mouth of a fpoon, fituated at the up- per, and a little toward the anterior part of the bottom of the Tympanum. This cavity is part of a half canal, and at a very fmall diftance from its point, is a little bony ridge, which °-ocs from one edge of it to the other, but is feldom found entire. T he principal cavities are the openings of the cells of the ma- ftoide finuoiiiies, the opening of the euftachian tube, the bony half canal, the feneftra ovalis and rotunda ; and to thefe may be added the fmall hole in the pyramid. The opening of the maftoide cells is at the pofterior and upper part of the eda;e of the barrel ; the cells themfelves, which end there, are du^ in the fubftance of the maftoide procefs, being very irregular "and full of windings and turnings. The opening of the euftachian tube is at the anterior, and a little toward the upper part of* the edge of the barrel. This tube, which in France is ufually termed the aqueduct, runs from the Tympanum toward the pofterior openings of the nafal foflb and arch of the palate. The bony portion of it, the only part fpoken of here, is dug in the apophyfis pctrofa along the duct of the carotide apophy- fis ; and when it leaves that, it is lengthened out by the fpinal apophyfis of the os fphenoides. Thefe too cavities, the ma- ftoide cells, and the euftachian tube, are, in fome meafure, prolongations of the Tympanum, one anterior, the other po- fterior. The bony half canal, of which the cavity, like the mouth of the fpoon, is the extremity, lies immediately above the euftachian tube, toward the upper fide of the apophyfis petrofa, or rather in the very fubftance of that upper fide, and in a natural ftate a fmall mufclc is lodged in it. Winflow\ Anatomy, p. 47.

TYMPANY {Cycl.)— This difcafe has been generally ac- counted, both by the antients and moderns, a fpecies of dropfy, but very improperly ; for though it is often productive of, or complicated with an afcites, yet it is in itfelf a perfeSly difrincT: difeafe, and accompanied with no extravafation of water in the abdomen, perfons who have died of it having been found, on opening the body, with the abdomen as dry as in a ftate of fealth ; but the ftomach has been found, in fome, greatly diftended with flatulencies, and containing a vifcid humour, though in no great quantity. The inteftines are alfo ufually found diftended, and, as it were pellucid, and, on beiu°- pricked, they collapfe, without the appearance of any water. And, in fome cafes, on opening the abdomen, the whole fwelling has fubfided, on the exclusion of a grofs flatulence which had diftended it. The inteftines have, in fome fubjeiSs, been found diftended to the bignefs of a man's thigh, in fome parts, and in others lower down, fo contorted and twifted to- gether, that there could be no paffage either for the wind or the excrements. It is not uncommon alfo, on difieSion, to find great numbers of worms, of the common long kind, in the inteftines.

ATympany, without a dropfy, is moft incident to women after labour, when the lochia have been fupprcflcd by colds or otherwife, or difcharged in too fmall quantities ; a bad regimen during the lying in, and the omitting to fwathe the belly pro- perly down, has alfo often a bad effefi this way. In cafes of this kind, women find foon afterwards the abdomen inflated, with a confiderable uneafmefs, a difficulty of breathing, co- ftivenefs, and an unaccountable anxiety. Thefe are the breeding fymptoms of the approaching Tympany \ and the fame often happens after unflcilful treatment in abortions, and after the leaving a part of the lochia behind, or the injuring the uterus in delivery.

Children are alfo fubject to Tympanies, when violently afflicted with worms, and fometimes after the meafles and fmall-pox; and if due care is not taken of thefe cafes, at their beginning, the fuperior parts foon become extenuated, and the patients die. Extrea.m voracity of children alfo, and their eating great quantities of food at a time, when the ftomach is weak, fome- times brings on this diforder.

The Tympany is juftly accounted one of the more dangerous kinds of dife-afes, fince the perfons afflicfed with it much oftener die than recover. When it is accompanied with a dropfy, it is fcarce ever cured ; and a fimple Tympany in wo- men and children, if neglected at firft, degenerates into a chronic diforder, and hardly admits of a cure. *" Some, indeed, have gone fo far as to fay, they never knew a patient, afHidtcd with a Tympany, recover ; but this feems too ralh a judgment. That diftention of the abdomen, which is properly called a flatulent colic, is by fome accounted a fpecies of Tympany ; but this is not naturally dangerous, and is canly cured, except 2 where