Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/688

 TUB

TUB

ference by thole who know the Greek language, in which this is familiarly done without any intent of diitinguifhing. Tneocritus mentions the plant Trychnus ; but he is to be un- derstood of a third kind, differing from both thefe poifbnous ones, and bearing an elculent fruit. This was the plant we now call lycoperfizon, or pomum amoris. The writings of Tbeophraftus warrant the poet in calling this plant, as well as the others, by the common namcjlrychnus, or Trychnus ; for he exprefsly fays, there arc three kinds of Trychnus, one which caufes fieep, another which caufes madnefs, both poi- fonous, and a third, which is efculent.

The poma amoris are at this rime eaten by the Jews with us, and by ourfelves in foups, and the like. The Italians, Spa- niards, and Portuguefe, all eat them, and efteem them a very delicate dim. The later Greek writers have left oft" the ufe of the word jlrychnus, and ufe the term melintzanion for this plant. See the article Melintzanium. TR"VGUM, in ichthyology, the Greek name given by Elian, Athenseus, and Appian, to the nth which we call the pajlr- nacha marina, or fire-flairc. Ariftotlc and fome others write it trsgum. The fifh is a fpecies of the ray, and is accurately diftinguifhed by Artedi by the name of the fmooth-bodicd ray, with no tin on the tail, and with a long fpinc feirated on the anterior parts. See the article Raja. TRYING, in pharmacy, the purifying fat fubftances, by means of melting, and feparating them from their membranes, &c. In the college difpenfatory, the method laid down for the puri- fying lard, fuet, C5\\ is tin's : Melt them at a gentle hre, with the addition of a little water intermixed, and, when nicked, ftrain them from the membranes. The addition of water in this keeps the fat from burning and becoming black, which it would otherwife do ; for the water, not being capa- ble of receiving any greater degree of heat than that of boiling, will keep the bottom of the vcflel from growing too hot^ much better than the niceft management of the fire could do. Pemberton's Lond. Difp. p. 146. T SAPHARI, in the materia medica of the antients, a name I given by fome to the cadmia, called by Dlofcorides, placitis, and by others of the Greek writers, zonitis and onychitis. It was a flat kind, forming a fort of coat or cruft on the walls or ' fides of the furnace : hence it had the name placitis or crujla- 1 ceous ; and it was called onychitis and zonitis, becaufe, when ' broken tranfverfely, it appeared made up of feveral fucceffive plates, which had the appearance of fo many belts or zones. I Serapio tells us that this and the botryoide cadmia were dug out of the mines ; that is, that they were natural productions ; but this is erroneous, and contrary to all the accounts of the antients. TSH1NKA, in the materia medica, a name by which fome au- thors have called the clove-tree, the tree which produces the fpice of that name. Pifo. Mant. A. p. 117. TSIA, in botany, a name taken from the Jnponefe, and ufed

by fome authors for the tea tree. TS1AM Pavgam, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the tree whofe wood is the logwood ufed in dying and in me- dicine. Hort. Malab. vol. 6. p 3. TSIANA Qua, in the materia medica, a name given by fome

authors to the coitus root. Hort. Malab. vol. 4. p. 15. TS1N, in natural hiftory, the name given by the Chincfe to a ftone which they make great ufe of in their manufacture of porcelain ware. It is of a deep blue colour, much refcmbling Roman vitriol in appearance, and is found in lead mines, and fuppofed to contain fome particles of lead; its effects being the fame in the porcelain manufacture as thofe of ccrufs or white lead ; in making the other colours penetrate into the fubftance of the veffels. The deep violet colour that we fee fo beautiful on the China ware, is ufually made with this flone. They find it about Canton and Peking ; but the latter place affords the beft, and it fells at greatly the belt price. The painters in enamel melt this flone in their way, and ufe it very much ; they form many beautiful works, by laying it upon filver ; but it is apt to come off in time. When the Tftn is ufed in the porcelain manufacture, it is only ufed to the vafes that pafs a lecond baking, and are intended as the belt kinds.

The Tfin is prepared by only beating it to powder, not roafl- ing it in the common way. They mix the powder with large quantities of water; and ftirring it together, they let it fub- fide a little to feparate any earthy or extraneous matter that might be among it. They then let the powder fubfide. The water which is thrown away has no colour from this matter ; and the powder itfelf is not of that fine blue it was in the lump, but of a pale afh-colour ; but this recovers all its beauty when it is laid on the China, and baked. The fettle- nient taken from the water is dried and preferved in powder, and when it is to be ufed, they only mix it up with gum- water, or a folution of glue, and lay it on with a pencil. Obfervations fur les Coutumes del' Afie. TSUBAKI, in botany, a name by which Kaempfer calls the

concellia. See the article Concellia. TUB (Cycl ) — TuE-FiJh, in ichthyology, an Englifli name given to a fpecies of the trigla, commonly called the flying fljh, and by authors hirundo, corvus, and milvus. It is diftinguifhed by Artedi from the other filh of the fame 3

genu;, by the name of the trigla with a prickly head, ami with three appendages on each fide to the pectoral fin's. This is the only name to be judged fpecific for this fifh ; for. the others are fo vague in their ftgnification, that they have been applied bv different authors to fifh of different fpecies, and even different genera, which had a power of fuftaining them- felvcs out of the water by means of their long pectoral fins. Artedi, Gen. Pifc. p. 74. See the articles Hirundo and Trig la.

TUBA, tn natural hiftor)', a name oy which many old authors call the buccinum.

TUBBER, in mining, a name given in Cornwall to that mining inftrument, which is in other parts of England called a beele. It is an iron inftrument, pointed at each end, and having a hole in the middle for the handle. See the article Dig- ging.

TUBBER-^, are, in Cornwall, the people who work with this tool, and who are, from its other name of beele, called in other places heel-men. See the article Beele.

TUBE of a Flower, among botanifts. Sec the article Petal.

Glafs Tubes. See the article Glass Tubes.

TUBEL, a word ufed by fome chemical writers to exprefs fcales of copper or brafs.

TUBEROUS, or Tuberose Roots, among botantfls, fuch as arc large and flefhy, thicker than the italic of the plant, of an irregular figure, and wanting the characters of the bulbous. See the article Root.

TUBER A, Truffles, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe ; they are of a fungous flelhv ftructure, and are of a roundifh figure, growing fometimes fingle, fometimes many together, and always remaining un- der ground.

The fpecies of Truffles are only two. 1. The common Truffle ; and 2. The tefticulated Truffle. Tourn. Inft. p. 565- See the article Truffle.

TUB1PORA, in botany, the name given by Linnzeus to the fea plants ufually called by authors tubularia. See the article

TuEULARlA.

TUBUR Terra, a name ufed by fome botanical authors for the cyclamen or fow-bread. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.

TUBULARIA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characteis of which are thefe : That it grows under water, and is of the (tony hardnefs of coral, and compofed of a con- geries of hollow pipes or tubes.

There is only one known fpecies of this, which is the purple Tubularia. Tourn. Inft, p. 575.

Tubularia FoffHis, in natural hiftory, the name of a fpe- cies of coral fiund very often foflile in Germany and Italy, and compofed of a great number of tubes, or longitudinal pipes, often refembling fo many worms ranged perpendicularly in the mafs. See Tab. of Fofiils, Oafs 7. They are ufuaUy found either in maffes of a lax flone, or in fingle tubules in thofe of the harder and firmer texture. In thefe two itatts this foffil makes two very different appear- ances; and, according to the different directions tn the mafs, or the different views of them that the feci ions of it place them in, they make a number of very elegant figures. Hill's Hift. ofFoff. p. 641.

TUBULATED Flower, lubuhtm Flofculus, in botany, a term ufed by authors to exprefs thofe (mailer flowers, a great num- ber of which go to compofe one large compound flower. Thefe are called tubulated in distinction from another kind of them, which are, from their lnape, called ligulated. The tubulated flofcules generally compofe the difk, and the Iigu- lated ones the radius of the compound flowers. The tubulated ones are formed into a hollow cylinder, which expands into a mouth at the top, and is divided into five equal fegments, which Hand expanded, and in fome meaiure bent backward. See Tab. j. of Botany. Clafs I.

TUBULUS (Cycl.) — Tubuli Concamerati, in natural hiftory, the name of a genus of the Tubulus marinus, diftinguifhed abundantly from ail the others by its figure and inner ftru- cture.

They are long fhelly bodies, ufually either of a conic or cylin- dric form, or clfe refembling the dentalcs in fhape ; and fome- times, but that very rarely, they have their fmaller end bent and twifted round. They are compofed within of a number of hollow compartments, each of which communicates with the next by means of a fiphunculus, which runs through the whole length in the manner of the thick nautilus, or the cor- nu ammonis. We know not thefe in their recent flate at this time, but frequently meet with them foffile in the ftones brought from Sweden for pavements, and in fome others. Some authors have called thefe by the name alveoli, con- founding them with the conic body found in the belemniraa. See Alveolus- Others have called them pyramidal entro- cbi, others obelifci mar/norei afoeolnres ; and they are the bo- dies defcribed by Gefner and Aldrovand under the names of lapides cauda cancri or cancrites. Some late authors have cal- led them alfo polythalamii, and other cone-ftones. Klein, de Tubul. p. 7.

Tubuli Foffiles, in natural hiftory, the name given by au- thors to the cafes or tubules of fea- worms, found buried in the earth.

They