Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/679

 T R A

TRIEDROSTYLA, in natural hiftory, the name of a genus of fpais.

The word is derived from the Greek rgic, thrice, s'3g«, a fide, and r^A©., a column.

The bodies of this genus are fpars, in form of trigonal co- lumns, adhering by one end to fomc folid body, and termi- nated at the other by a trigonal pyramid. Of this genus there are four known fpecies : i. A (lender one with a long ob- tufe pyramid : this is one of the moft common of all the the fpars, and is found in almoft all parts of the world ; fome- times in fingle and large fpecimens, but more frequently in large congeries, coating over tbe fiffures of ftone in form of crufts.. 2. One with fliort but pointed pyramids : this is common on Mendip hills, and is found in fomc other parts of England. 3. A thick one with a longer pyramid, found in Northamptonfhire, and fome other parts of the kingdom, encrufting the fiflurcs of ftone. And 4. One with a very fliort column, and a long obtufe pyramid : this is frequent in the mines of Germany, and not iefs fo. in thofe of Eng- land, particularly in Dcrbyfhire. Hill's Hift. of Kofi", p. 222.

TRIEMERUS, the three-day fly, in natural hiftory, a fly fome what like the butterfly ; it has four large yellowi(h wings, and a long body, with a head furnifhed with long antenna:, . large eyes, and a fpiral trunk. It is found among the nettles and mallows.

TR1EN TALIS, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : The periifnthium is com- pofed ot fix leaves, and is permanent ; the leaves are narrow, pointed, and wide expanded; the flower is of the foliated kind, and is compofed of (cyci\ petals, which ftand flat and open, and adhere together very nightly at the top, thefe are a little longer than the leaves of the cup ; the ftamina are feven capillary filaments, of the length of the cup, but in- ferred into the flower; the antherae are Ample; the germen of the piftil is globular ; the ftyle is capillary, and of the length of the ftamina ; and the ftigma is headed ; the fruit is a dry berry of a globular form, formed of an extremely thin exult, and having only one cell ; the feeds are few in number, and are of an angular figure ; the receptacle is large enough to hold a great number of them ; the number of the leaves of the cup fometimes varies. Linnai Genera Plant. p.i8 7.

TRIERARCHI, TfWfe^ot, among the Athenians, commiflion- ers chofen annually out of the richeft citizens, who were obliged to provide all forts of neceflaries for the fleet, and to build lhips at their own charge. See Potter, Archaiol. Grsec. I. 1. c. 15. T. 1. p. 86.

TRIETERIS, Tgnlagjf, in the antient chronology, a cycle of three years. Potter, Archaeol. Grace. T. 1. p. 459.

TRIEXAH/EDRIA, in natural hiftory, the name of a genus of fpars.

The word is derived of the Greek, rptj, thrice, e|, fix, and i'^«, a fide.

The bodies of this genus, are perfect and pellucid cryftalli- form fpars, confifting of thrice fix planes, being compofed of an hexangular column, terminated at each end by an hex- angular pyramid : Of this genus there are three known fpe- cies. 1. A clear one with narrow and oblong pyramids : this is found in the mountains of Germany, and in North-Wales ; but with us it is fmall and coarfe. 2. One with fhort pyra- mids and a long column : this is found in the mines at Gofle- laer in Saxony, And, 3. One with fhort pyramids, and a thick and ihort column : this is found with us in the lead- mines of Yorkshire. Hills, Hift of Foil p, 204.

TRIFOLIUM Trefoil, inbotany. Seethe article Trefoil.

Trifolium Palujlre, Buckbean. This plant, tho* mentioned by feveral writers, before Simon Pauli, yet he was the firft who recommended it in fcorbutic cafes. He fays it is more fubtle and penetrating than najlurtium or crefles. It feems at prefent to be coming into great repute in many chronical diftempers ; and frequently prefcribed among alexi- pharmics. ,

lViany have got it into ufe in their families in the form of tea, and experience its conftant ufe to be very effectual againft fcorphula's the king's evil, and obftinate fcorbutic diftempers. Its talte at firff, is not very grateful, but time wears oft" that diflike ; its ufe in ihop compofitions is not yet known. Vid. ^uinc. Pharm. P. 2. Sect. 4. p. 124.

Buckbean ferves in Hamplhire to a very remarkable ufe ; the brewers ufmg it in their beer in tbe place of hops. It is as good a preferver of the drink, and is a bitter of as agree- able a flavour: it has this advantage alfo, that one eighth part of the quantity is fufricient, it is a very harmlefs plant, and is given by many as an antifcorbutic, and by fome in rheu- matifms, and other chronic cafes. It might be extremely worth while to try this practice in other parts, as the plant might be eafily cultivated in any quantity, and that with this advantage, that it will grow on the worlt kind of boggy land, that will produce nothing elfe. Mortimer's Hufbandry.

Trifolium Ac'ulum, in botany, a name given by many authors to the oxys, or wood-forrel, from its having its leaves always three on a ftalk, and being of an acid tafte. See the article

OXYS.

T R A

TRIFAX, among the Romans, a javelin three cubits long; which was thrown by the catapulta. Pitifc. in voc.

TRIGEMINI Tertius, in anatomy, a name given by Spigelius and others, to a mufcle called by Window the complexus mi* nor or majloid&us lateralis, and by Cuwper and Albinus tra-

^ cheL~7naJioid(sus. See the article Mastoidjeus,

IRIGLA, in the Linnaean fyftem of zoology, the name of a genus of fifties, of the general order of the acanthopterygii : the diftinguifhing characters of thefe are, that the membrane of the gills has feven bones, and the pectoral tins have arti- ticulated appendages. Of this genus are the lyra, hirundo^ mafous, mullus barbatus, &c. Linnai Syftema Naturae,, P-,53- See the article Lyra, Hirundo, &c. The characters of this genus, according to Artedi are thefe : The branch ioftege membrane contains feveral bones ; the head is very declivious, from the eyes to the end of the fnout, and is large, aculeated, and as it were fquarc ; the head is the broadeft part of the fifh, it thence grows gradually nar- rower, till it ends in a very fmall tail : in many of the fpe- cies of this fifh, there are two or three articulated appendices growing under the pe&oral fins : the eyes ftand on the top of the head, and are covered with a flrin ; there are two back fins, the firft of which is prickly ; the pectoral fins in fome

■ ot the fpecies arc very large. Many of thefe fifties are capable of making a noife ; and fome of them by the help of their pectoral fins, can fuftain them- felvcs for a time out of the water, and fly to fome diftance. The appendices of the pylorus are from five to twenty. Of thofe Trigla, which have continuous, obtufe, and undivided fnouts, the following are the fpecies : The Trigla with a fmooth head, and with two fins on the lower jaw: this is the mullus barbatus of authors. 2. The Trig/a with a fmooth head, with four yellow, not tranfverfe lines, on each fide, parallel to one another : this is the mullus major, or furmullet of our fifhennen. 3. The Trigla with a fmooth head and and without beards, all over of a red colour : this is called by authors the mullus unberbis, or king of the mullets. 4. The Trigla with the head fomewhat aculeated, and with a fingle little pinnule at the pectoral fins : this is tbe milvus of authors, or the kite-fifli; it flies four or five foot above the water, and that to a confiderable diftance. 5. The Trigla with a prickly head, and with three appendices on each fide at tbe ptctoral fins : this is the hirundo of authors, and is called by our fifiiermen the tub-fifti. Of thofe Trigl<s which have the fnout a little forked, the following are the fpecies : 6. The Trigla with a fomewhat bifid fnout, and with the lateral line bifid at the tail : this is the lucerna of the Vene- tians, and the milvus of fome authors. 7. The red Trigla^ with the fnout divided into two little horns, and with the opercula of the gills ftriated : this is the cuculas, and lyra of fome authors. This fifh grunts when taken out of the water, and the noife has been fuppofed to be ljke that of a cuckow, whence the name.

Of thofe Triglts, which have the fnout very deeply divided, and opened into two very broad parts ; the following are the fpecies : 1. The variegated Trigla, with the fnout divided into two prickles, and with two little prickles to each part : this isgumarthis grijeus of Ray, or the grey gurnard. 7, The Trigla with the fnout divided into two fpines, and with tubu- lous noftiils : this is the lyra of authors, called by our fifiier- men the piper. 3. The Trigla with many cirri, and with an octangular body : this is the lyra cornuta of authors : the body is rendered angular, by having fix rows of acute and hard ihomboidal fcales. Artedi, Gen. Pifc. p. 32.

TRIGONAL-^/, among botanifts. See the article Leaf.

TRIGONELLA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, including the fenugreek of authors ; the characters are thefe : The perianthium is formed of one leaf, and is campanulated and lightly divided into five fegments, which are pointed, and nearly equal in fize ; the corolla is papilionaceous, and feems compofed of three petals ; the vcxillum is oval, obtufe, and bent backwards ; the'two wings are of an oval oblong figure outwardly, by bending backwards, fo that in the vex- illum, they feem to compofe a tripetalous flower of the com- mon form ; the carina is very fhort and obtufe, and occupies the middle of the flowers ; the ftamina are diadelphous and fhort ; the apices fimple ; the germen of the piftil is of an oblong oval figure ; the ftyle is fimple and erect, and the ftigma is fimple. The fruit 13 an oblong oval pod, of a comprefled figure, containing feveral roundiih feeds; thefhape of the flower alone, fufficiently diftinguifhes this from all the other genera of this clafs. Linnai Gen. Plant, p. 362.' Tournef, loft. p. 270. Rhin. p. 497.

Trigonella i^//j, in natural hiftory, the nameof a foffile (hell, of the cockle-kind, but approaching to a triangular fi- gure, having a broad bottom to which it defcends, almoft: in ftrait lines : on each fide from the head or cardo, thefe are ufually found fmall, but there are fome met with of four or five inches round : they are found at different depths, in ftone quarries, bedded in the matter of the ftrata ; and that often in the hardeft ftone. In fome inflanccs, the (hells arc found remaining in their native ftate ; but moft frequently the fhell itfelf is perifhed and gone, and there is a ftony or fparry mat- ter depofited in its place. Hill's Hift. of Fon. p. 646.

TRILL-