Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/671

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plants and all flowers abound with it, almoft without excep- ception. It is in thefe moft obvious in the bottoms of the monopetalous kinds, fuch as the jafmine and the meadow- trefoil ; on fucking of which there is always a great deal of it evident to the tafte. The leaves of any of the trees which afford this fenfiblc matter of Iranfpiration being put into wa- ter renders it purgative, and in all things analogous to a fo- lution of manna ; but, in general, more agreeably tafted. Mem. Acad. Par. 1707.

TRANSPORTATION (CycL)— Transportation of Plants. In the fending plants from one country to another, great cautions are neceflary. The plants fent from a hotter country to a colder mould be always put on board in the fpring of the year, that the heat of the feafon may be ad- vancing as they approach the colder climates ; and, on the contrary, thofe which are fent from a colder country to a hotter mould be fent in the beginning of winter. The beft way of packing up plants for a voyage, if they be fuch as will not bear keeping out of the earth, is to have boxes with handles, filling them with earth, and planting the roots as clofe together as may be; the plants mould be fet in thefe boxes three weeks before they are to be put on board, and in good weather they mould be fet upon the deck, and in bad removed or covered with a tarpaulin. If they are going from a hotter country to a colder one, they muft have very little moifturc ; if, on the contrary, they are going from a colder to a warmer, they may be allowed water more largely, and being fhaded from the heal of the fun, they will come fare.

Very many plants, however, will live out of the earth a great while ; as tlie fed urns, euphorbiums, ficoides, and other fuc- culent ones. Thefe need no other care than the packing them up with mofs in a clofe box ; and there fhould be a little hay put between them, to prevent them from wounding or bruifing one another, and holes bored in the boxes to keep them from heating and putrefying. In this manner they will come fafe from a voyage of two, or three, or even four or five months.

Several trees alfo will come fafely in the fame manner, tak- ing them up at a feafon when they have done growing, and packing them up with mofs. Of this fort are oranges, olives, capers, jafmines, and pomegranate- trees. Thefe, and many others, are annually brought over thus from Italy j and though they are three or four months in the paffage, feldom mifcarry. And the beft way of fending over feeds, is in their natural hufks, in a bag, or packed up in a gourd -fhell, keeping them dry, and out of the way of vermin. Miller's Gardeners Diet.

TRANSTRUM, in the naval architecture of the antients, a term ufed to exprefs a fort of crofs or tranfverfe feats that were placed in the polycrote gallies of thofe times, and ferv- ed for the places of feveral of the rows of men, who could move and work their oars under the feats of the other or lateral rowers of the next tire.

Meibom, who has written exprefly on the naval architecture of the antients, has better underftood the places and ufe of thefe Tranjlra, than any other author of late times ; by a pro- per arrangement of thefe feats, and the lateral ones above and below each, he has taken off greatly from the height al- lowed by Scaliger, and others, to the polycrote veffels. Meibom. de Trirem.

TRANSVERSALES Abdominis (Cyct.) —Thefe are mufeles nearly of the fame breadth with the oblique ; they take their name from the direction of their fibres, and each of them is fixed to the ribs above, to the os ilium, and ligamentum Fallopii below ; and to the linea alba before, and behind to the vertebra.

Its upper part is fixed to the lower part of the cartilaginous furface of the two loweft true ribs, and of all the five falfe ribs, by flefhy digitations ; the fibres of which become ten- dinous, as they approach the linea alba. The middle part is fixed to the three firfl vertebrae of the loins, by a double a- poneurofis or two tendinous planes. The internal and ex- ternal planes having inclofed in their duplicature the mufculus facrolumbaris, and quadratus luborum, unite in one ftrong aponeurofis at the edges of thofe mufeles. The inferior part of this mufcle is fixed by an infertion wholly flefhy to the in- ternal labium of the crifta of the os ilium, and a* great part of the ligamentum Fallopii. JFtnJloiti's Anat. p. 168.

Transversalis Antieus primus Capitis, a fmall, pretty thick, and wholly flefhy mufcle, about the breadth of a finger, fitu- ated between the bafis of the os occipitis and the tranfverfe apophyfis of the firft vertebra.

It is fixed by one end in the anterior part of that apophyfis, and from thence turning up a little obliquely. It is infer ted by the other end in a particular impreffion between the con- dyle of the os occipitis and the maftoide apophyfis of the fame fide behind the apophyfis ftyloides, and under the edge of the jugular foftula. fVinflow's Anat. p. 238.

Transversalis Antieus Capitis fecundus, a fmall mufcle, Ac- tuated between the tranfverfe apophyfis of the two firft verte- brae of the neck. It is fixed by one extremity very near the middle of thefecond apophyfis, and by the other near the root or bafis of the firft.

Transversalis Colli major, a long thin mufcle, placed along

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! all the tranfverfe apophyfis of the neck, and the four, five, of fix under apophyfes of the back between the complexus major and minor, and lying as it were on the infertions of the firft of thefe mufeles.

It is compofed of feveral fmall mufcular fafcicult, which run directly from one or more tranfverfe apophyfes, and are in- ferred fometimes in the apophyfis neareft to them, fometimes in others more remote, the feveral fafciculi croffing each other between the infertions of the two complexi, which are like wife crofled by them. ^inflow's Amt. p. 243.

Transversales Colli minores, very fmall and ihort mufeles, . found in the interfaces of feveral tranfverfe apophyfes in which they are inferted, and called by fome alfo intcr^tranfverfales* fFtnJIow's Anat. p. 244.

Transversalis gracilis Colli, a long thick mufcle* refem- bling the Tranjverfalis major in every thing but fize, and fi- tuated on the fide of that mufcle.

It is commonly taken for a portion or continuation of the facro- lumbaris. Dicmerbroek diftinguiftied it by the name oiceroicalis dejeendens ; and Stone, and others after him, have called it accejforius mufculi facrolumbaris. Winjlow's Anat. p. 243.

Transversales Dorji minores. Some particular mufeles of this kind are found fixed to the extremities of the three loweft tranlverfe apophyfes of the back ; The reft are all in fome meafure continuations of the Tranjverfalis major ; but thefe few which are diftincr, and lie in the interftices between the apophyfes and diftincr. mufeles, are properly enough called by this name. Window's Anat. p. 248.

Transversalis Digitorum Pedis, a fmall mufcle which lies tranfverfely under the bafis of the firft phalanges, and which at firft fight appears to be a Ample mufcular body, fixed by one end to the great toe, and by the other end to the little toe. When carefully examined, it is found to be fixed by a very Ihort common tendon to the outfide of the bafis of the firft phalanx of the great toe, conjointly with the antkhenar, and by three digitations to the interofieous ligaments which con- nect the heads of the four metatarfal bones next the great toe. The three digitations are very {lender, and gradually cover each other. IVinfhw's Anat. p. 225.

Transversalis Penis, in anatomy, a name given by fome writers, particularly Cowper, to a mufcle called by others virga lateralis parvus, and by Albinus the Tranfverfus ~pe-* rina't. Winflow calls it Tranfverfus urethra.

TRANSVERSO-SPINALIS Lumborum, called by Come facer, a mufcle compofed of feveral oblique converging or tranfverfo- fpinal mufeles, in the fame manner as in the back and neck. It lies between the fpinal and oblique apophyfes of the loins reaching to the os facrum. The loweft of thefe mufeles are fixed to the fuperior lateral parts of the os facrum, to the li- gamentum facro-fciaticum, and to the pofterior fuperior fpine of the os ilium. The reft are fixed to the three loweft tranfverfe apophyfes, and to the four loweft oblique apophyfes of the loins, and to their lateral tuberofities ; from thence they run up to all the fpinal apophyfes of thefe vertebrae. The external, or thofe that appear firft, being longer than the internal, efpccialiy toward the lower part. Winf!ovJ% Anat. p. 248.

TRANSVERSUS Auricula, in anatomy, a name given by Albinus to a mufcle of the ear, not allowed to be fuch by other authors ; but defcribed by Santorini, and others, under the name of fibres tranfverfa in gibbo auricula, and fibres in convexa concha parte. See the article Ear.

Transversus Nafi, in anatomy, a name given by Santorini, and others, to that mufcle of the nofe called by Winflow Tranfverfalis five inferior ; and by Albinus, the comprejfor naris. See the article Compressor.

TRANSUM, in gunnery, is a piece of wood which goes a- crofs the cheeks of a gun-carriage, or of a gun to keep them fixed together ; each Tranfum in a carriage is ftrengthened by a bolt of iron. See the article Carriage.

TRAPA, in the Linnaean fyftem of botany, a genus of plants ; the diftingui filing characters of which are thefe : The cup is a perianthium compofed of one leaf, divided into four at the edges, and remaining when the flower is fallen. The flower is compofed of four petals larger than the fegments of the cup, and placed vertically. The ftamina are four filaments of the length of the cup ; the antheras are Ample. The germen of the piftillum is of an oval figure ; the ftyle is Am- ple, and of the length of the cup ; and the ftigma is headed, and has a ridge round it. The fruit is an oval oblong ftony capfule, containing only one cell, and armed with four thorns placed oppofitely on the fides ; thefe are thick and pointed, and are what were originally the leaves or fegments of the cup. The feed is a nut of an oval figure. Linnai Gen. Plant, p. 50.

TRAPEZIUM, in geometry, a plain figure contained under four unequal right lines.

Trapezium Os, in anatomy, is one of the bones of the car- pus ; it is the firft bone of the fecond row, and has its name from its figure, which is a fort of unequal fquare. Its outer furface is rough, and makes a part of the outer or convex furface of the carpus. On its inner furface is an oblong eminence, which makes one of the four eminences on the; concave fide of the carpus ; and on the fame fide it has a

groove