Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/667

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TRAGIC Dame, in antiquity. See the article Emmelia. TRAGICUS Mufculm, in anatomy, a name given by Albinus to one of the mufcles of the eye, called by Santorini and Win- flow, Mufculus Tragi. TRAGIUM, in botany, a name by which fome authors have called the fraxinella, or baftard-dittany, the root of which is ufed in medicine. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2. Tragium Germanicum, in botany, a name given by fome authors to the atriplex olida, or flanking orach. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2. TRAGO-ORIGANUM, in botany, a name given by fome authors to the marum Syriacum, or Syrian herb maftic. Pluk. Aim. p. 374. TRAGOPOGON, Goats-beard, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : The flower is of the femiflofcular kind, being compofed of a num- ber of femi-flofcules placed on the embryo 'feeds, and con- tained in a cup divided into many fegments ; but not of the fcaly kind. The embryos finally ripen into feeds, which are enveloped in a fort of covering, and winged with down, and arc all fixed to the thalamus of the flower. See Tab. 1. of Bo- tany, Clafs 13.

The fpecies of Goats-hard, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe: I. The great yellow-flowered mcadow-Tragopo- gon. 2. The leffer yellow-flowered meadow- Tragopogon. 3. The Tragopogon, with long finuated leaves. 4. The Tragopogon, with leek-like leaves, and pale violet-coloured flowers. 5. The leek-leaved Tragopogon, with bluifh purple flowers, commonly known by the name of artiji. 6. The leek-leaved Tragopogon, with blackifh-purple flowers, 7. The leek-leaved Tragupogon, with blue flowers. 8. The leek-leaved Tragopogon, with white flowers. 9. The graffy- leaved Tragopogon, with bright red flowers. 10. The Crocus- leaved Tragopogon, with bluifh purple flowers. ] I. The yellowifh purple fmall Tragopogon. it. The hairy Tragopo- gon. Town. Inff. p. 477.

There are two or three fpecies Of this plant well known among us, the one wild in our meadows and paftures, by the name of go to bod m noon, from its flowers always fhutting up in the middle of the day ; another kept in our gardens for its beautiful red flowers ; and a third cultivated for its efculent root, and known by the name of falfafy. This was originally from Italy, and Is ftill kept in many gardens as a good°root'; but is not common in our markets.

Thefe plants are propagated by Cowing their feeds in fpring on an open foot of ground. The fallafy fhould be fowed in rows at nine or ten inches diltance ; and when the plants are come up; they fhould be left at about fix inches afunder in the rows ; they then require no further care but to be kept clear from weeds ; and if the foil be light, and not too dry, they will grow to a confiderable fizc by winter. The roots are to be taken up for ufe when the leaves are decayed, and tontinue in feafon till March ; and then the young moots, which are very large and thick, are by many boiled as afpa- ragus, and make a very delicate difh. Miller's Gardeners Didt. in vOc. TRAGOSELINUM, in botany, the name of a genus of um- belliferous plants, the characters of which are thefe : The flower is rofaceous, confining of feveral heart-fhaped leaves, irregular in fize, and difpofed in a circular form, and ftanding on .a cup which afterwards becomes a fruit, compofed of two oblong feeds, which are gibbofe and ftriated on one fide, and flat on the other.

The fpecies of Tragofelinum, enumerated by Mr. Tourne- fort, are thefe : I. The great Tragofelinum, or pimpernel-faxi- frage, with white flowers. 2. The great Tragofelinum, or pimpernel- faxifrage, with red flowers. 3. The great Trago- felium, or pimpernel-faxifrage, with burnet-leaves. 4. The leffer Tragofelinum, or common fmall pimpernel-faxifrage. 5. The tall African Tragofelinum, called by authors the great African pimpernel-faxifrage. TRAGULA, among the Romans, a ftrong kind of javelin,

with a barbed head. Pitife. TRAGUM, in ichthyology, the name given by Ariftotle, and others of the old Greek writers, to the trugum of Elian, Athe- naeus, and Oppian. Both names are ufed to exprefs the fifh called by authors the paflinacha marina, and by us the fire- Jlaw, or fire-flaire. The fifh is a fpecies of the raja, and is diftinguifhed by Artedi by the name of the fmooth-bodied ray, with no fin on the tail, and with a long fpine placed on it, ferrated before. See the articles Raja and Pasti-

NACHA. TRAINING, or Tracikc, (Cycl.) in mineralogy, a term ufed by our miners to exprefs the tracing up the mineral appearances on the furfaceof the earth to their head or original place, and there finding a mine of the metal they contain? The principle on which this praaice depends, is the change Wrought in the face of the earth by the deluge, of the efl e as of which thefe remains are a very great proof, The fuper- ficial, or upper part of veins, or loads of ore, is always the pooreft, the richer ores lying deeper down, the poor- ones only ferving to lead the way. Thefe poor ores, or ftones impregnated with the metalline matter of the mine, and called by our workmen, Jlwad-Jionei, were, 1

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probably, at the creation of the earth, brought regularly up to the furface, and (hewed the places of the metals below. But at the time of the covering the earth by the waters of the deluge, they were, with the reft of the furface, warned off, and carried, with the defcent of the water, down into the plains, or into the beds of rivers, and there carried many miles down the ftream. This being an allowed truth, the art of Tratmng a mine is eafy ; for though this carrying the fhoad- ftones and poor ore, Was done fo many ages ago, yet all the way that fome pieces were carried on, others would be depo- sited by the way; and the heaviefl and richeft falling firft, the lighted would always be carried fartheft, and there would be always left a ftream of this matter all the way from the place where it was firft produced, that is, where the mine now is ; for the breaking of the furface of the earth, at this great cata- ftrophe, was not fo deep as to reach that ; and this ltream or tram of matter will be found richer and richer as it approaches the mine, and finally will flop at the place where it is. Where there is fuppofed to be a mine of any metal, the hills and country all about are diligently fearched ; the filiations, and defcent of the lands, and the earth, ftones, and other fof- file bodies, are examined, particularly the colour and nature of the various forts of earths and ftones Which arc found on the hills where the mine is fufpefled to lie, that they may be rea- dily known again if any of them are found in the neighbouring valleys. The ftones which denote the loads, and are called Jhoad-Jlones. are found two, three, four, or even five miles from the hills, where they originally lay ; but if the fame fort of ftones are remembered on the hills, the Train is to be made out.

After any great land-flood; in which it is fuppofed there are ufually fome new frets made in the banks of the rivers, thefe are carefully examined; to fee whether any metalline ftones may be found in their fides and bottoms, all being then fo clean, that the fmalleft fhoad-ftone may ufually be°fcen. If no ftones of this kind are found, it fometimes is of ufe, in or- der to farther refearches, to examine whether any pieces' of earth, of a different colour and nature from that of the reft of the bank be found ; for this being, if any fuch is found, wafhed alfo from the neighbouring hills, it proves a great di- refiion which fide of the hill to fearch into. If no fhoad-ftone or grewt of a different nature from the reft be found in thefe frets or iiewh/worn banks, the miners leave the place for the prefent. For though the bed of the river af- ford many metalline ftones, they never regard them, the continual change of place they receive from the current of the water rendering them only tokens that there is metal fome- where in the country ; but they confound and perplex rather than inftrufl in the fearch after the places where it is. If there be found indeed ftones of the fhead-kind, full of pro- tuberances, or having fharp angles, as if newly broken, it may be worth while to fee whether they are not wafhed out of fome part of the neighbouring banks by the late Hoods ; as this fort of appearance is a token of their having been newly taken into the bed of the river. But if they are rounded and fmooth, it may be concluded that they have been long fubjedt to the aftion of the water, and brought, perhaps, many miles from the places where they were originally lodged in the earth, and where only they could have been of any ufe to the Traeer of the mine.

When the frets in the fides of rivers have been traced in vain, the fearcher after a mine goes up to the fides of the hills moft fufpe&ed to have mines in' them, and there fceks for a conve- nience of bringing a little ftream of water to run down. When this is found, he cuts a trench about two foot over, and as deep as the fhelf. The water is turned into this cut, and af- ter two or three days running in it, all the filth will be wafhed away, and the Ioofer part of the earth cleared off; and if any fhoad-ftones are lodged within the whole courfe of this cut, they will be found. If any fuch are found, it is an unque- ffionable proof that there is ore in the higher parts of the hill ; this encourages the work, and there is always found a mine, or at leaft a fquat, which will, without much danger, repay the expence and trouble. The fquats are flat parcels of the ore; lying in different and diftina places of the hills, and not communicating with one another.

Sometimes a great deal of this labour is faved, and the fhoad- ftones are found on the furface of the ground, either turned up by the plough, or thrown up in fmall quantities in mole- hills, or raifed by fome other accident ; for they are feldom found naturally lying on the very furface of the earth ; for the putrid remains of vegetable and animal fubftances, and other adventitious matter, has raifed the furface of the earth in all places, fmce the time of the flood, and made indeed a fort of new furface. Thefe ftones were certainly laid bare on the furface of the ground, at the time of their being carried down from the mines ; but this adventitious matter has buried them in this long traa of time, and they are generally found under aboutafootof a fort of vegetable mould. If, byany of thefe fearches, a fhoad is found, the miners have nothing to do but to follow it to its head, and there make the opening ; but if no fuch direaion can be had, net' any fhoad found, and there is yet fufpicion that there is a mine in the hill, the method is to make an ejay-batcb, as it is called ; this is funk near the 8 foet