Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/659

 TON

To perform this, the end of the Tongue fliould be Covered with a linnen rag, and held with the fingers to prevent its flipping, and the ligament of the Tongue running between the ranular veins and internal falival ducts, is to be divided by a pair of obtufe pointed fciffars, till it give room enough for fucking or fpeaking, but in doing this great care muft be taken not to wound the falival ducts, or the proper veins and arteries of the Tongue ; for children have been known to pe- rifh upon the fpot from the cutting the ranular veins in this operation. Midwives often tear this ligament with their fin- gers as foon as a child is born ; but this is a dangerous and bad practice.

Tongue Wounded. The Tongue is frequently bit in fits of the epilepfy, and in violent falls ; and is fometimes wounded by a bullet.

If the wound is not very large, it will eafily heal by the ap- plication of oil of almonds and fugar-candy mixt together, or of honey of rofes and oil of myrrh made per deliquium ; but large wounds of the Tongue will not unite without the afiift- ance of the future. It is therefore no wonder that wounds near the root of the Tongue always leave a fiffure in the part, iince their fituation does not allow the ufe of the needle. To prevent the lofs of fpecch enfuing upon large wounds on the fore part of the Tongue, the divided parts ihould be brought together with the needle as foon and as neatly as poffible, and afterwards anointed with oil of almonds and fugar-candy, or honey of rofes and oil of myrrh ; fince flicking plafters can- not take place here. Gun-fhot wounds on the Tongue can only be healed with thefe unctions, iince the future can be of no ufe in them : the patient fliould be kept from talking, and live upon fpoon-meats during the cure, but more particularly at the time when the wound is about to unite. Heifer's Surg. p. 81.

Tongue of Fi/hes. All fiflies have either a perfect Tongue or the rudiments of one in their mouths ; but this organ is very differ- entin the various fpecics, in its figure, mobility, and other qua- lities and properties : as to the figure, it is in fome pointed before, as in the clupeae ; in others it is rounded in this part, as the pearch and claiias have it. And in others it is fome- what bifid, as in the pike. In fome it is fmooth on the up- per part, as in the gadi, cyprini, and mackrel ; in others it is rough and dentated in this part, as in the falmon, mullet, &c. In many fifh the Tongue is immoveable adhering firmly to the bottom of the mouth, as in the pearch, cyprinus, and in- deed in the greater part of fifhes ; in others it is loofe, as in the whale.

In the cetaceous fifhes theTongue being loofe, as in quadrupeds, it is ufed by the animal in the fame manner ; but in other fifhes it is of no ufe in the moving the food about in the mouth, nor is it the genuine organ of tafte, being in many of a cartilaginous fubftance, and therefore not proper for receiv- ing the notices of that (cnCe. The principal ufe of the Tongue in thefe fifh, feems to be in its ferving as an afliftant organ of fwallowing, its being more elevated than the other parts of the mouth, rendering it fit for the tofling the food down the throat. The true ufe of the Tongue in thofe fiflies which have it dentated, is that it ferves to retain the prey from running out of the mouth, and afterwards in the fwal- lowing it; what renders them the more fit for this ufe is, that, they have always the prickles turning inwards. It is the opi- nion of Mr. Ray, that the Tongues of the cartilaginous kinds have fome fenfe of tafte, and tins is more probable, than that the more hard and rigid ones mould have any fuch fenfe. Artedi, de Pifcib.

It is but of late, that we have known enough of the anatomy of fea-animals, to be able to refer to their proper origin many of thefoffile bodies which belonged once to them : an eminent inftance we have of this in the Tongue of the fifh called the ■pajilnacha marina by comparifon with which Sir Hans Sloane .explained the nature of a very elegant foflil, found fometimes with us, but oftner in theEaft-Indies, fometimes in the Weft, and every where till then fuppofed to be a petrified mufh- room. The paftinacha marina is a fifh of a flat fhape, and allied to the thornback kind. The Tongue of this fifh is made up of many bones, all of them crooked, their two fides making an obtufe angle, fuch as the fides of the under man- dible of a man do.

The uppermoft fides of thefe feveral bones, have furrows and pieces ftanding together, after the manner of the teeth of a fhort fmall-toothed comb, or fomewhat refembling what we call the gills, on the under fide of a common mufhroom ; and to this furrowed appearance in the foffile pieces, was ow- ing the general error of taking them to be of the fungus kind. The extant parts of thefe toothed points in the Tongue anfwer to the like parts in the bones of the upper jaw of this fifh ; and between thefe and this bony Tongue, the food of the fifh is cut and ground to pieces. The under fide of the Tongue is, in the fame manner as the upper, divided into feveral crooked pieces ; but thefe have in this part no teeth or points : the whole Tongue of this fifh is fometimes found foflile, converted into a fort of ftone, but this more frequently happens to the feveral joints or fingle bones of which it is cumpofed, and thefe are often mutilated or broken. The palate of the fame fifh is alfo fometimes found either whole or in parts, and both the one

TOO

and the other are of the number of thofe things, called by Mr. Lluyd fliquafra, from a fuppofed refemblance in them to the pods of the lupine, or fome other fuch plant ; but he hasdiftinguifhed thefe from the reft by calling them filiquafira fettinata, or the comb-like filiquafira. Phil. Tranf.N. 2-20. Tongue of a Mufcle. What is vulgarly called the Tongue in this fifh from its fhape, is truly an organ by means of which it fpins a fort of threads in the manner of fpiders or cater- pillars ; to fix itfelf to the rocks by. Seethe article Muscle. Tongue, in the manege. The aid of the Tongue or voice, is a fort of agreeable clacking, or a certain found formed by the cavalier, in ftriking his Tongue againft the roof of his mouth, when he means to animate the horfe, and fuftain him, and make him work well in the manege. See the article Aid, To fwatlow the Tongue, in the manege. A horfe is find to draw in or fwallow his Tongue, when he turns it down his throat, which makes him wheeze as if he were fhort winded. This fault is cured by giving him a bitt with a liberty for the Tongue, Seethe article Liberty. TONICUM Diatonum. See the article Genus. TONOS, a word ufed by Hippocrates to exprefs in general any nerve, whether arifing from the brain or fpinal marrow. It is alfo ufed to exprefs a tenfion in any part, t ONS/E, among the Romans, the blades of oars, or that part

of them which beats againft the water. Pitifc, in voc. I ONSILLS (Cycl.) — Inflammation of the Tonsills. This is a very common complaint from taking cold, and in its different degrees requires different methods of cure: in general the fame means are to be ufed as in quinfeys, except that fuch copi- ous bleedings are not neceffary ; nor indeed is there occafion for bleeding at all unlefs the patient is of a plethoric habit, or the inflammation be very violent, for in that cafe, the tak- ing away a moderate quantity of blood often prevents its com- ing to fuppuration. The patient is firft to be purged with an infufion of tamarinds, fena, and cream of tartar, and this repeated to the third or fourth dofe, if there be occafion ; in the intermediate times, the diaphoretic attemperating and ni- trous medicines are to be given in powders, and a large quan- tity of diluting liquors allowed, which fliould he gently acidu- lated, and have a fmall quantity of nitre diflblved in them. Gargarifms made of decoctions of biftort root, red rofes, and other gentle aftringents, are to be frequently ufed ; and the frequent wafhing the feet in warm water often has a very re- markable good effect.

If after four or five days the diftemper is found not to give way to thefe means, but the tumour ftill remains ; there is then but little hopes to be had of its refolution, and a very different end is to be attempted ; emollient gargarifms are now to be ufed and maturating plafters externally applied, fuch as diachylon with the gums, and the like ; and fuppurating cataplafms are to be applied to the whole neck and throat : thefe methods are to be continued till the tumour either burfts of itfelf, or is fo ripe as to be fit for opening by the hand of the furgeon. After this has been done, and the matter is dif- charged, gargarifms muft be ufed of decoctions of fome vul- nerary herb, or common green tea, fweetened with honey of rofes, may be ufed to ferve the purpofe. The mouth and throat are to be frequently wafhed with this till the part is healed. It is to be obferved, however, that the refolution of thefe tumours is never to be defpaired of, not even during the ufe of the fuppurating medicines, for it is often feen that the tumour has been wholly difcuffed even during the ufe of thefe means, the refolution often being extremely flow. This is a very troublcfome complaint, and with fome perfom is apt to return very frequently ; the beft prefervative againft it is a moderate diet and bleeding about the time of the equi- noxes, either in the arm or foot. Some have found it necef- fary to open an iflue in the arm, in this cafe, and have been by this means perfectly cured, but on its drying up have always found the difeafe return. Heifer's Compend. Med. p. 131. 'lOQiH-Ach {Cycl.) — When this terrible pain will give way to no other remedy, it is faid it may be fpeedily removed by cauterizing behind the ear underneath the protuberance termed antitragus. There are feveral methods of doing this : fome ufe a cautery prepared on purpofe, others only a common fmall iron nail, or a piece of iron wire, and others heat a fcalpel red hot and plunge into the part ; others alfo affirm that as much fervice is to be done by cutting there without cauteriz- ing, fuppofmg that the operation deftroys a nerve going thence to the Tooth, which is the occafion of the fenfe of pain in it. But it is to be doubted whether this fevere remedy be as cer- tain of fuccefs as fome pretend. Heifer's Surgery, p. 4.34. Toot H-drawi?ig. Tooth- drawing according to Cicero was in- vented by Efculapius, in whofe temple the antients hung up a pair of leaden pullicans, very properly fignifying that no Teeth were fit to be pulled out, but fuch as might be removed with a leaden forceps ; that is fuch as were loofe and ready to fall out of thcmfelves ; for they very little confult their own welfare, who pull out their Teeth while firm and found : for drawing the Teeth Is not only a painful operation, but often brings on bad accidents, and fometimes even hazards the patient's life.

Teeth.