Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/658

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the fecond phalanges, which is owing, perhaps, to the conti- nual inaction and comprcflion occafioned by fhoes. JVinJlotv's Anat. p. 103. Ligaments of the Toes. The firft phalanges of the Toes are tied to the heads of the metatarfal bones, by a fort of orbicu- lar ligament, fet round the edges of the cartilaginous portions of the head, and thofe of the bafes of the phalanges. In the four lefTer Toes of each foot, the inferior part of this ligament is very thick, and is cruftcd over as it were with a cartilagi- nous fubftance, fixed to the bafes of the phalanges, and from thence continued over the head of the metatarfal bone next it. This fubftance grows hard with age like a fefamoide bone. Of thefe fefamoide bones, as they are called, the great Toe has two belonging to the firft phalanx, which are largeft, foon- eft formed, and mod confiderable of all. The fecond and third phalanges of al! the Toes being articulated by ginglymi, have lateral ligaments which go between the fides of the bafes, and thence to the fides of the heads : At the inferior edges of all thefe bafes there is a cartilaginous matter joined to thefe ligaments, which hardens with age in the fame manner with thofe of the firft phalanges. Wmjlovfs Anat, p. 135.

Toe, in the manege, is the ftay of the hoof upon the fore-part of the foot, comprehended between the quarters. We commonly fay the Toe before, and the heel behind, in French, Pines devout et Talon derriere ; implying, that in horfes, the Toe of the fore-feet is ftronger than the Toe of the hind-feet : And, on the other hand, that the heels behind are ftronger than thofe before ; and accordingly, in fhoeing we drive higheft in the Toes of the fure-feet and in the heels of the hinder feet. See the article Drive.

A horfe that does not reft his hinder feet all equally upon the Ihoe, but raifes his heels, and goes upon the Toes of his hind- feet, is called in French Rampin. See the article R ampin,

TOGA Pitta, among the Romans, a purple gown embroi- dered with gold; which was worn during the iblemnity of a triumph, by thofe who had that honour conferred on them. It was an antient habit of the Etrufcans, and not brought to Rome till after Tarquinius Prifcus had fubdued the twelve ftates of that nation. Hofm. Lex. univ. in voc. Pitta.

TOGOCH, in zoology, a name ufed by many for the umbla

. minor, or red charre, a fifth caught in the lakes of Wales.

The name is originally Welch. See the article Charre.

TOGULA, among the Romans, a narrow kind of Toga, ufed by the poorer fort of people. See the article Toga, Cycl. U Sup pi.

TOKENS, in peftilential cafes, thofe livid fpots which appear in the feveral ftages of the difeafe, and are the certain fore- runners of death. They generally appear only under the moft defperate circumitances, and when the patient would otherwife be declared dying ; but Hodges gives us inftanccs where they appeared before any other fymptoms of the dif- eafe, and came out without any pain or trouble j yet even in thefe cafes the perfon always died. Thefe Tokens are the mark by which the fearchers conclude of the caufe of the death of the perfon, and arc the rule for ordering the houfe to be fhut up, to prevent the fpreading the difeafe. But the rrurfes, and other crafty people have a way of difguifing this fymptom after death, by covering the body with wet and cold fheets. Thefe ftrike in the fpots, fo that the perfon may be thought to have died by fome other difeafe. Hodges de Peft.

TOLCESTER, Tslcejlrum, in our old writers, an old excife or duty paid by the tenants of fome manors to the lord, for liberty to brew and fell ale. Blount.

TOLLENON, among the Romans, a warlike machine, form- ed in this manner: one beam was fixed very deep in the earth, and on the top of it another more than twice as long, and moveable upon a center. On one end of this crofs-beam were placed a covering of hurdles or planks, within which a few foldiers were put, and, by pulling down the other end with ropes, thefe were raifed above the walls of a befieged town. Sec Pitifc. in voc.

Tollenon, wasalfo an engine for raifmg water out of a draw- well. Pitifc. in voc.

TOLLES, or ToL.ffi, names given by fome to the tonfils, and by others to the glandular abfeefics fometimes affecting the limbs.

TOLSEY, in our old writers, denotes the place where mer- chants meet in a city or town of trade. Blount. The word is compounded of the Saxon Tol, tributum, and fie, fides.

TOLT, in law, a writ whereby a caufe depending in a court- baron is removed into the County-court. Old. Nat. Br. 4. And as this writ removes the caufe to the county -court, fo the writ pone removes a caufe from thence into the court of common- pleas, &c. Terms of Law, Blount, Cowel.

TOLTERCAIZTLI, in natural hiftory, the American name of a ftone, much refembling the novacularum lapis, but va- riegated with red and black fpots. They ufe the powder of this ftone and cryftal calcined together for difeafes of the eyes.

TOLUIFERA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, fo called from producing the balfam ofTolu. The characters are thefe : The perianthium confifts of one leaf, and is of a campanulated form, divided into five fegments, and having one angle more remote than the others. The flower is com-

TON

pofed of five petals, which are inferted into the cup ; four of thefe are ftrait and equal in iize, and are a little longer than the cup; but the fifth is twice as large as thefe, and is cor- dated at the end, and has an unguis of the length of the cup. The ftamina are ten very fhort filaments, but the anthers are of the length of the cup, or fomething more than that. The germen of the piftil is oblong ; there is fcarce any ftyle, and the ftigma is acute. The fruit and feeds are yet un- known. Linnai Gen. Plant, p. 182.

TOMATO, the Pomiguefe name for the fruit of the Iycoper- ficon, or love-apple; a fruit cultivated in gardens for the An- gularity of its appearance, and eaten either ftewed or raw by the Spaniards and Italians, and by the Jew-families in Eng- land. See the article Lycopersicon.

TOMBAC, a name given by the French to a yellow metal, very nearly approaching to what we call prince's metal, and made by mixing and fufing together a large quantity of zink with a imaller of copper.

TOMEION, a general name ufed to exprefs any {harp or cutting inftrument, ufed either in furgery, or in the mecha- nic arts,

TOA-lENTOSE-i^/, among botanifts. See the article Leaf.

TOMIAS, Tofii*?, in antiquity, an appellation given to the fa- crifice offered at the ratification of fulemn le.tgues. It was fo called becaufe they cut out the telHcles of the vic- tim, and took the oath ftanding upon them- Potter Archasol. Giecc. T. 1. p. 252.

TOA41N, in our old writers, a weight of twelve grains, ufed by goldfmiths and jewellers. Blount.

TOMINEIO, in zoology, a name by which fome authors have called the guainumbi, or humming bird, the fmalleft of all birds. Jofcpb Acofla, Lid. Occ. L. 4. c. 37. See the ar- ticle Guainumbi.

The name feems derived from the Spanlfh Tonuno, a grain weight, as if they would call it a bird of a grain weight.

TOMOTOCIA, a word ufed by fome authors, to exprefs the Crefarean fection.

TONE (Cycl.) — Tone, inMufic. The word Tone is taken in four different fenfes among the antients : i°. for any found. 2°. For a certain interval, as when it is faid the difference between the diapente and diatefTaron is a Tone. 3 . For a certain lo ens or compafs of the voice; in which lenfe they faid the Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian Tones. 4, For tenfion ; as when they fpeak of an acute, a grave, or a middle Tone. WqIUs'% Append, ad Ptolem. Harm. p. 172. In tempered fcales of mufic, the Tones are made equal, but in a true and accurate practice of finging they are not fo. Dr. Pepufch, in Phil. Tranf. N°. 481. p. 274. It is ufual in the modern practice of mufic to divide the Tone, whether major or minor, into two femi-Tones. But a late learned mufician contends, that the divifion of the Tone-major is harfh and in-elegant ; fo that, in dividing the fourth into its different fpecies, the Tone-major ought either to be an in- divided interval, or make part of one. Phil. Tranf. ibid See the article Species.

According to Mr. Euler, the Tone contains two femi-Tones, taken in a large fenfe ; that is, including the greater and lef- fer limma, under the term Tone. Thus the Tone-major is the fum of the femi-Tone major and leffer limma ; as alio the ium of the lefier femi-Tone, and greater limma. See the ar- ticle Limma, And the Tone-minor is the fum of the greater and leffer femi-Tones. Laftly, the greateft Tone, Tonus ?naximus, is the fum of two greater femi-Tones. Euler, Tentam. Nov. Theor. Muf. p. 109.

But what Mr. Euler calls Tonus maxtmus, is more common- ly known by muficians under the name of a diminilhed third. For thus they call the interval, for inftance, between G4r and B b ; it being compofed of two diatonic intervals G^ to A, and A to B". Vid. Broffard. Diet. Muf. p. 179.

Toxz-Major — Six Tones-major exceed the octave by more than a comma. Euler, Tent. Nov. Theor. Muf. p. 108.

TONGUE (Cycl.) — The Tongue is generally efteemed a necef- fary organ in fpeaking, fwallowing, and tafting, yet a woman, who loft her Tongue entirely by a cancer when four years old, fpeaks diftinctly, fings prettily, fwallows eafily, and taftes accurately. Phil. Tranf. N°. 464. §. 1 1. And this inftance is not fingle. Another occurs in LambertVs Memoirs ; and a third, in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences.

ToNGUE-r?W, the popular name for a diffemperature of the Tongue in children, when it is tied down too clofe to the bottom of the mouth, by a ligament connected all along its middle, and called it3 fraenulum, which requires to be divided, to give the Tongue its proper motion.

This is fometimes the cafe in adults, but oftner in children, who cannot then exert their Tongues to fuck. This is how- ever, by no means fo common as the women ufually ima- gine ; not fo much as one child in a thoufand being afflicted with it; nor is the operation in cutting it of little confe- quence, fince often bad accidents follow it, and fometimes the lofs of a child's life. When the infant can put its Tongue out of its mouth, the frenulum wants no incifion ; but when the Tongue cannot be extended beyond the teeth, the operation is neceilary. Hei/ler's Surgery, p. 466. Heildan. Cent, 3. Obf. 28.

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