Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/657

 TOB

taken of n, being, after the Cowing, in a manner left to itfelf, While the other has great pains beftowed upon it during the whole time of its growth, and till it is fit for ufe, in the fol- lowing manner : 'J hey clear a little piece of ground, in which they fow the feed ol the Tobacco, and againlt the time that the young plants have got three leaves a-piece, they choofe out another piece of ground into which to tranfplant them : This they hedge round, and turn their horned cattle into it, that their dung may fall upon it, and fufficiently enrich it. The ground is then dug with a fharp hoe, or fpade, in the form of a pick-ax, and the dung, by this means, thoroughly worked into it. When the earth is thus prepared, they take up the young plants, and fet them in this new ground, at about a foot fquare diftant from one another. The manner of giving more or lefs ftrength to this Tobacco, is by fuffering the plants to grow to a greater or lefs height before they top them, or cut off the ftalk at the fummit. The ufual way is to cut off the top when the plant has fifteen leaves. If they intend the Tobacco to be a little ttronger, they do this when it has only thirteen ; and when they would have it firongeft of all, they do it when there are only eleven or twelve leaves. On the contrary, when they would have a milder Tobacco, they cut it not off till there be eighteen or twenty leaves ; but in this way of counting the lea°ves, they never reckon the three or four loweft, which do not grow lb large and fine as the others. The cutting oft the top, prevents the juices of the plant from being wafted in flowers and feeds, which are of no value; and, in confequence of it, all being, after this time, employed to furnifh the growth of the leave", they grow four times as large and thick as they otherwile would do.

To prevent all unneceffary wafting of the fap, thefe plants are tended every day ; and as the young fprouts appear in the joining of the leaves and ftalk, they are continually cut off: This is done once in three days, till the leaves have their full bignefs, which is about that time when the flowers would have been ripe, had the plant been fuffered to grow in its na- tural way : They are immediately to be gathered when they are full grown, otherwife they wafte and decay. They cut down the whole plant, and bring them into their houfes, lay- ing them on a heap. When they have lain a little time to- gether, they begin to fwcat and grow hot : When they have been a little while fermenting, they turn them, bringing thole which were in the middle to the furface, and placing thofe which were at the furface in the middle ; by this means the whole quantity of leaves ferments equally. The longer they lie in this manner, the darker-coloured the Tobacco becomes. When they have left it thus to fweat as long as they judge neceffary, they hang every ftalk feparately on cords ; and when the whole is thoroughly dry, they carefully take off the leaves, and lay them by in bundles, till they have occafion fur them. This is the manner of their preparing the kappada. The fingle Tobacco is fown in the fame manner with this ; but it is never tranfplanted nor tended, it grows as it pleafes, and when the flowers are ripe, it is cut down, and laid carelefsly in heaps, where fome of it ferments too much, and fome too little. This is much weaker therefore than the iappada ; and as both kinds are common in the place, the natives fmoak them either feparately or together, mixed in different propor- tions, as they like. Some of the Ceilonefe chew this ftrong Tobacco with their beetle, and fome, who hnoke it alone, ufe no pipe, but, taking a long leaf of it, they roll it up into a long form, and cover it with the leaf of the wattukan-tree ; they then light one end of it, and fmoak by the other, till the whole is confumed. Philof. Tranf. N°. 278. p. 1 145. There are four or five kinds of Tobacco frequently railed by the curious in England. They are to be fown in "March, upon a moderate hot-bed, and when the plants are come up, they fliould be tranfplanted to another hot-bed of moderate warmth, and fet at four inches diftance, watering and fhading them till they have taken root : And as they grow ftronger, giviim- themas much air as the feafon will permit. In°the be<rin° ning of May the plants will grow fo large as to touch'one another ; and they are then to be taken up with a large ball of earth about their roots, and removed to a good foil, where they are to be planted at two foot afunder every way. Mil- ler's Gardener's Diet.

Tobacco beat into a mafh with vinegar or brandy, and laid on the ftomach, has fometimes good effects in removing hard tumours of the hypochondria. We have the hiftory of two cures made by fuch applications in the Medic. EfT. Edinb. The juice of this plant is faid to be good againft ulcers and mortifications. Boyle, Works abr. Vol. 1. p. 56.

Tob Acco-Pipe Pijh, the Englifh name of the ems. See Tab. of Fifties, N°. 25. and the article Acus.

TOBACTLI, in zoology, a name which Nieremberg fays is often given to the American bird, more commonly called Hoaclli. See the article Hoactli.

TOBIANUS, in ichthyology, a name given by Scboneveldt and others, to the ammodytes, or fand-eel.

TOBIS, in ichthyology, a name given by the Swedes to the

ammodytes, or fand-eel. The name Tobiamts, °iven to this

fyfh by Salvian, feems formed from its Swedifh name Tobis.

Salvian is the firft author who has del'cribed this fifh, but his

Suppl. Vol. II.

TOE

figure is not accurate, for he has given it two back fins inftead ot one. TOCCATA i„ the Italian mufic, is much the fame as Ricer-

the Toccata from the other kinds of fymphonies, is, fidl it. being ulually played on inftruments that have kevs ,. ' "

lly played on inftruments that have keys, as oroans, fp.nnets esc. Secondly, that it is commonly cempofed to exerale both hands.. Thus, fometimes the bafs holds 0.

found, while the upper part makes diminutions, paffages or tiratas ; and afterwards this part does the fame, while Uie'bafs moves in its turn. Broffard.

TOCCAT1NA, in the Italian mufic, a fhort refcarch, or ri- cercata. See the articles Toccata, Suppl and Re- search, C)d.

TOCCAVJENS1S Bolus, Bole of Tola,, in the materia me- dia, a fine medicinal earth, dug about Tokay in Tranfylva- ma, and efteemed a powerful aftrmgent. Kentman calls it the bolus Pannonica vera ; and Crato, bolus Hungarica. rhis laft author efteemed it fuperior even to the bole armenic of Galen, and had a great opinion of it in malignant fevers. It is a fine and pure earth, and very heavy, mocTeratcly com- pact in its texture, but not very hard ; and in colour of a con- siderably deep and ftrong yellow. It is naturally of a fmooth lurface, and does not ftain the fingers in handling. It fer- ments violently with acid menftrua, and does not become red in burning. Hill's Hift. of Foil', p. 7.

T 9S CA 7& i, nzoo, °gy. the name of a Ipecies of Indian lizard, diftingu.fhed from the other kinds, by bein» fpotted all over.

TOCMOL, in natural hiftory, a name given by fome to the common turtle.

TODDh-Patma, in botany, the name by which many au- thors call the palma fariniftra, or fago-tree. Herm Cat vol. 3. p. 9.

TODTENVOGEL, in zoology, a name by which Gefner and fome other authors have called that fpecies of cenanthe known in England by the name of the /lone-cbatter, ftones'- mich, or moor-titling. Gejner, de Avib. See the article Stok a-Cbattcr.

TOES (Cycl.)— Adhefions of the Toes. It is a frequent thing to meet with new-born infants with their fingers or Toes co- hering or grown together, either by a ftria adhefion of the flefh, or elfe by fome loofe productions of the fkin, as in the feet of ducks and geefe ; and a diforder of the fame kind is alfo fometimes found in adults, from accidents ; as when the fingers or Toes have been neglected, after an excoriation of them by burns or wounds. In both thefe cafes the fumeon's affiftance is neceffary, partly to remove the deformity, and partly to rcftore the proper ufe of the fingers. Thefe adhefions, according to the nature of the diforder, are to be feparated two ways, either by cutting out the interme- diate fkin with a pair of fciffars, or elfe barely by dividing them from each other with the fame inftruments. When this is done, to prevent their cohefions again, each finoer mull be inverted feparately with a fpiral bandage about an inch broad, dipped in lime-water and fpirit of wine. Sometimes the fingers, inftead of adhering to each other, grow to the palm of the hand, from wounds or burns, fo that they cannot be by any means extended, or drawn back to open the hand. The method of relieving this diforder is firft very carefully to feparate the fingers from their adhefions to the palm, without injuring their tendons, then drefs them with a vulnerary balfam, and fcraped lint, and extend them on a ferula or thick pafteboard ; and let them remain in this extended pofture, feparately to be dreffed till they are per- fectly healed ; but at every dreffing they muft be gently moved, to prevent a rigidity or ftiffnefs of the joints. Hei- Jler's Surgery, p. 330.

Bones of the Toes, Each of the Toes, except the greater one, confifts of three phalanges. The great Toe indeed has but two ; but then there are five metatarfal bones, whereas there are but four metacarpal. The bafes of the phalanges remain for a long time epiphytes. The firft phalanx of the great Toe is very like the fecond of the thumb ; but its bafis is more hollow, anfwerably to the convexity of the firft bone of the metatarfus, by which it is fupported : its head is in form of a pulley, as in the thumb, but much broader : The fecond, or laft phalanx of the great Tee, is like the third of the thumb, but bigger and broader, efpecially at its bafis. The tuberolity, in form of a horfe-fhoe, which terminates this bone, is alfo more unequal and more flat than in the thumb. The firft phalanges of the other Tees are the longeft, but they are fhorter and more convex than thofe of the fingers. Their bodies are very narrow, and contracted in the middle, the bafes are generally excavated, and the heads made after the fame manner as in the fingers. The fecond phalanges are very fhort, and ahv.oft without fhape ; both their bafes and heads are formed for articulations by ginglymi, but they are very imperfect. The bodies are of fome length in the fe- cond and third Toes ; but they are very fhort in the other two, efpecially in the little Toe, in which the body is broader than it is long. The third phalanges are nearly of the fame fi- gure with thofe of the fingers, but much fhorter and thicker in proportion. In the two laft Toes they are often united with ? p p p the