Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Supplement, Volume 2.djvu/653

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thus in the arms of Scotland the field is yellow, and the lion placed upon it red : and if the field confifts of two different colours parted by fefs or by pall, then the nobleft colour muff always be in the belt place, as on the upper part, or en the right hand of the fhield ; but all thefe rules are to be understood with this limitation, that there are no other fpe- cial reafons in the family for the contrary. Nejbit's Heraldry, p. 19. TINEA (Cycl.) — Tinea Campeftrh, the field moth, in natural hiftory, the name given by Mr. de Reaumur to a fpecies of infect, which in all refpecls refembles the moth fo deftruitive ofcloaths, except in its food; as that feeds upon woollen, and makes its neft or covering of that fubftance ; this eats the leaves of trees, and in the fame manner makes itfelf a cover- ing from the fibres and integuments of them. Their changes are the fame with thofe of the common moth, and performed in the fame manner i they only feem to dif- fer in having a more moift food.

Mr. Reaumur firft obferved thefe on the leaves of the afh. This creature for a great part of its life wants no covering, but like the afcarides making its way through the upper in- tegument of the leaf, it feeds on the parenchyma and juices ; at length when it has eat away all the fubftance of the leaf, it bites out a piece from each integument of it, over and un- der its body, and fattens the edges all round with threads of its own fpinning; thus making a compleat cafe or covering, enabling it to bear tiie open air. This done, it marches from its place to find another leaf fit to fupply it with more nou- rifhment : thus it changes phce feveral times during its life, and as often changes its covering, which requires but a very little time to make a new.

This creature may eafily be found by the curious fearcher hi the fpring ; for at that time, if the leaves of the am are ex- amined, many of them will be found flaccid and as it were dry, and the creature will ufually be found buried among the paren- chyma of thefe, between their two integuments. Toward the end of fummer thefe creatures pafs into the cbryfalis ftate, and from this, after a fhort flay, into a fmall fort of moth, which flies about the leaves of the fame tree ; and is very beau- tiful when examined by the mtcrofcope, but is too fmall for obfervation by the naked eye. Thefe of the afh are very common, and there is alfo another kind little lefs fo, which at length changes into a two-winged fly, very fmall but of very great beauty ; thefe feed upon the leaves of the willow, and make their cafes of the downy matter which envelops its feeds.

Thefe are fmail animals of this 'genus ; but there are others which are confiderably larger, and which make their coverings of various matters and of different ftructure; they are ufu- ally very rough and rugged, and feem made of any matter that happens to be in the way ; fome fpecies ufually make them of pieces of ftraw and particles of chaff, others of i'mall twigs of bullies, others of the dry leaves of the oak, broom, and other plants. One fpecies there is that erodes wood ; but it never pierces deep into it, but only eats off a part of the furface to furnifh itfelf with matter for its covering. Se- veral fpecies of thefe alfo are inhabitants of the water in this ftate : thefe form their cafes of various materials, in the choice of which they do not feem at all nice. Some of them make them principally of fand ; others take the fragments of water- plants, and the fliclls of fmall frefh water fhell-fifli into their work. This cafe makes the fhell, under which they fuffer their change into the nymph-ffate ; and as according to the general rule of nature, in regard to the water nymphaj of winged animals, thefe have a neceffity of taking in water at times, one end of this fhell or cafe is never clofed up, but only covered with a reticular clofe work. In this ftate they float upon the furface of the wate.r, till the time of the perfect fly's appearing. There are befide thefe, alfo a fpecies of wall Tinea, which have been fuppofed by fome to eat the very ilones and other materials of which the walls they crawl upon are built. This however is an error, for they feed only on the liverworts and other plants which grow upon them, and make their cafes out of the integuments of their leaves, and of the fibres of moffes and other things they find there. There is yet another fpecies of thefe moths feeding on vegetables which differs from all thefe, in that it fpins its covering of a fort of filk, which it produces out of its own entrails in the manner of the filk-worm. Thefe cafes are not made fo fpeedily as the others, but are formed of feveral fcales applied at different times one over another, and rcfemble a fort of coat of armour. Under the cover of this the creature feeds at large on feveral forts of vegetables, and when it has lived the deftined time in this ftate, it draws its whole body under this covering, faftens up the apertures, and thus defended from injuries paffes into the nymph ftate, and after a proper time is feen iffuing out of that in form of an infect of a middle nature, between the fly and butterfly, called a mufco-papilio. There is a fpecies of Tinea or moth, found in the flowers of thelillies in many gardens, which ufes its own dung as the mat- ter to form its cafe of. This fpecies at length becomes a beetle. Another fmall beetle of a purple colour, and very remarkable for its beauty, is produced from a fmall worm of this moth Suppl, Vol. II.

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kind, which is as remarkable for its uglinefs; this has three pair of cruftaceous feet, as the other worms of the beetle kind have : both thefe kinds, while in the Tinea or worm ftate. collect: together all their dung as they void it, and, by a very nice fort of workmanfhip, form themfelves very compact and firm cafes of it, which they drag about with them where-evcr they go.

Finally there is another field Tinea, the beetle produced by which is of a purple colour on the body, and black in every other part. This, while in the worm ftate, covers itfelf with

- a cafe made of its own dung, but has this angularity, that-- when the time of its change approaches, it defcends to the ground, and buries itfelf there till the time that it comes out in form of a beetle.

All thefe animals might have been defcribed as the dependants on the beetle and fly kinds ; but as they have this remarkable quality of feeding in the fame manner, and makino- them- felves cafes of different materials in the manner of the Tinea or cloaths moth while in the worm ftate, and in this ftate they are much more obvious to the eye than the flies, beetles, &£. produced of them, many of which are fo fmall as to efcape obfervation ; this accurate author has chofen to defcribe them together, and in this their impefect ftate. He adds an account of another fet of animals fomewhat allied to them, which he therefore calls the fjeudo-Tinea, or falfe moth. Reaumur, Hift. Inf. Tom. I. See the article Pseudq- Tinea.

TINEMAN, in our old writers, a petty-officer in the foreft, who had the nocturnal care of verc and venifon, and other employments in the foreft. Leg. Canut. ap. Blount.

TINET, Tinettum, in our old writers, is ufed for brufhwood and thorns to make and repair hedges. In Herefordfhire to tine a gap in a hedge, is to fill it up with thorns, that cattle may not pafs through it. Chart. Blount.

TINE WALD, the parliament or annual convention of the peo- ple of the Ifle of Man, of which this account is given; the governour and officers of that ifland do ufually fummon the twenty-four keys, being the chief commons thereof, once every year, viz. Upon Midfummer-day at St. John's chapel, to the court kept there, called the Tinezvald-caun ; where, upon a hill near the faid chapel, the inhabitants of the ifland ftand round about the plain adjoining ; and here the laws and ordinances, agreed upon in the chapel of St. John, are pub- lifhed and declared unto them. At this folemnity the lord of the ifland fits in a chair offtatewith a royal canopy over his head, and a fword held before him, attended by the feveral degrees of the people, who fit on each fide of him, &c. King's De* fcipt. of the Ifle of Man.

TINGING of Marble. The art of doing this has in feveral peo- ples hands been a very lucrative fecret, tho' there is fcarce any thing in it that has not at one time or other been pub- limed.

Kircher has the honour of being one of the firft, who pub- lifhed any thing practicable about it, This author meeting with ftones in fome cabinets fuppofed to be natural, but hav- ing figures too nice and particular, to be fuppofed of nature's making, and thefe not only on the furface, but funk through the whole body of the ftones, was at the pains of finding out the artift who did the bufinefs ; and on his refufing to part, with the fecret on any terms, this author with Albert Gunter a Saxon endeavoured to find it out ; in which they fucceeded at length very well. The method is this, Take aqua fortis and aqua regia of each two ounces, fal armo- niac one ounce, fpirit of wine two drams, about twenty-fix grains of gold, and two drams of pure filver, let the filver be calcined and put into a vial, and pour upon it the aqua fortis, let this ftand fome time, then evaporate it, and the remainder will firft appear of a blue and afterwards of a black co- lour. Then put the gold into another vial, pour the aqua regia upon it, and when it is diflblved evaporate it as the for- mer. Then put the fpirit of wine upon the fal armoniac and let it be evaporated in the fame manner. All the remainders and many others made in the fame manner from other metals. diffolved in their proper acid menftrua, are ,to be kept fepa- rate and ufed with a pencil on the marble. Thefe will pene- trate without the leaft affiftancc of heat, and the figure being traced with a pencil on the marble, the feveral parts are to be touched over with the proper colours, and this renewed daily till the colours have penetrated to the defired depth into the ftone. After this the mafs may be cut into thin plates, and every one of them will have the figure exactly reprefented on both furfaces, the colours never fpreading : Theniceft me- thod of applying thefe, or the other tinging fubftances, to marble, that is to be wrought into any ornamental works, and where the back is not expofed to view, is to apply the colours behind, and renew them fo often till the figure is fufficiently feen through the furface on the front, though it does not quite extend to it. This is the method that of all others brings the ftone to a nearer refemblancc of natural veins of this kind. Kircber's Mund. Subter.

TINNITUS Aurium (Cycl.)— In the Tinnitus, the ear ufually

receives founds which do not exift, or at leaft which are not.

produced by the motion of the external air ; and the ear be*

O o o o ing